中國의 開放型 經濟의 構築과 發展에 관한 硏究

Abstract

1978년 개혁개방이래 중국 개방형경제의 전개는 대외무역체제의 발전에 기여하고 경제발전을 촉진할 뿐만 아니라 사회주의 현대화건설을 촉진함으로써 시장개혁창조의 물질적 기초를 마련하여 중국 사회주의 시장경제 건설에 중대한 역할을 해왔다. 중국개방형경제는 개방형경제구축단계(1978-2000)에서 개방형경제발전단계(2001-현재)로 변천해 오면서 중국고도경제성장의 견인차 역할을 해 왔다. 중국경제를 봉쇄의 빈곤에서 개방의 풍요로 역전시켜 온 개방형경제의 구축과 발전의 역사적 의의는 매우 크다. 중국경제가 지속적 성장을 이룩해 나가기 위해서는 여전히 개방형경제의 심화 발전의 길을 모색해야 할 것이다. 개방형경제의 심화 발전의 길은 따통(大同) 세상을 이루고자 하는 중국경제의 여전한 미래의 활로이다.|The Chinese economy has been developed brightly from the poverty caused by national isolation to the richness of opening and the development of a Chinese open market economy has been a new route for a constant growth of Chinese economy. In a material way, opening market economy leaded an inner reform for keeping ceaseless development, strengthening economic relations with foreign countries, participating internationally economic agreement. In a systematic way, China changed their system from the reformative planned economy into the market economy in a foreign relationship domain. To understand rightly the position of Chinese economy in the world, this study focused on the construction and development of the Chinese foreign opening economy and economical analysis was conducted for this study. To improve productivity, it was necessary for China to construct open economy which could be the base for reform and economic development. Accordingly, to insight the Chinese change in a historical way, this study arranged and analyzed the process of the development of Chinese economy after 1978, focusing on Chinese open market policy. Following the introduction of the chapter 1, the theoretical consideration of open economy was done. In the chapter 3, this study observed the construction and development of Chinese economic open market. In the chapter 4, this study analyzed the outcome of Chinese economic open market and predicted national economy. Lastly, in the chapter 5, the merits of open economy were concluded historically. Constructing open market economy was a really important issue at that time in China because it was the time when China which was in the early stage of the socialist state just tried to change their system from planned economy to socialistic market system. This study divided the process of Chinese economic development into two stages. The first stage was the period when China built open economy (1978~2000) and the second stage was the period when China developed open economy (2001-the present). Then the first stage of building open economy was divided again into 4 stages to analyze the changes of trend and strategies which China used for foreign open. The division is also useful to analyze historical efforts of the policy. Each of the four stages is called as a spot stage, a line stage, a side stage, and an omnidirection stage. From the view point of the section structure, China experienced a gradual improvement of the four stages. The first stage was between 1979 and 1983. In this stage, China tried to open their thought and decided to experience experimental trials. In 1980, the central government built special economic zones in the four cities: Shenzhen, Shantou, Xiamen, Juhe. They executed a special system and policy in the zone so that the areas could be the door for foreign open and experimental lab for reforming an economic system. That was the spot stage. The second was the stage in which China expanded economic special zones and increased open cities. The period was in from 1984 to 1987. In 1984, 2, Deng Xiaoping recognized the policy of special economic zones was accurate while he was inspecting the zones and he asked courageous and fast development. He approved expanding the size of special zones and opening several port cities, where the special economic zone policy was conducted too. In 1984, 4, the central government choose 14 port cities near open coast to give these cities the partly preferential treatment. This was the line stage. In the third stage was from 1988 to 1991. In this period China opened more. They stipulated a tax protection zone as an extra organization for foreign affairs the maritime customs so that the tax protection zone could engage in works related to a warehouse of tax protection, a processing export of tax protection, and a take out trade. It was the side stage. The forth is the omindirectional stage. China promoted foreign open policy generally after Deng Xiaoping made a courageous speech in the south area inspection. In 1992, the central government opened 5 coastal cities, 4 frontier cities, 11 continental cities from the start of the development of Pudong in Shang hai. They established 49 national economic technology development department (27 East zones, 10 middle zones, 12 west zones), 53 national high technology industry development district, 15 national export processing district, 14 national tax protection district, 14 national frontier economy join district. They formed 4 soft strategies through foreign open policy for 20 years. Like this, China promoted gradually open strategies which make a progress by little by little. Open strategy is one of the successful strategies which China created. While they promote a gradual open in the stage of constructing open economy, China practicedthe open strategy which make a gradual progress in the same time in many ways. The construction and progress of open economy market were like this. (1) According to widen a reformative open, the central government gradually gave the authority of managing foreign trade to the relevant government. Consequently it promoted largely the development of foreign trade because it allowed that not only public business but also personal enterprise, smaller business, the authority of self-management concerning exports and imports of foreign capital can engage in the foreign trade. (2) According to widen reformative open, many of Chinese enterprises converted into investing foreign directly, so foreign capital which joint stock enterprises shared increased gradually. Solitary enterprises increased and manufacturing industry multinational enterprises appeared more. Also, the cases that foreign financial enterprises came to China and invest are increased too. (3) It was started from treating import and export trade and using foreign money important and developed to participate actively in trade and joint many-side economy technologies. Based on the international trade rules, in the relevant national meeting, solved the troubles which made from trade activities. (4) In the field of the industry open choose a gradual progress. Due to the inequality of the developing pace in each industry, in the importance of national economy, there were gaps of the level of development and abilities to carry out economic pressure generated by opening so opening industries abided by the rule of having a principle which has the order of front and rear. First, many business which were in first and second industry gradually opened by allowing general service industry such as foreign investment restaurants, hotels and so on. After 1992, they expanded the field of foreign invest. They opened the affairs of first and second industries and also opened the commerce, foreign affairs, finance, insurance, airs, lawyers, account, through setting an example. They opened third industry too which was limited like estate development, reality, information service in the past, so that they expanded the field for foreign invest. According to the result of this study, constructing open economy is not an important element not only to promote reforms but also to promote development. In long human history, society division which was one of the ways to share society productive resources was an important factor from the start. Then the division of the time of capital factory manual trade when the inner division in the business was a prime trait has become means for surplus price improvement opposition and motive power for capital economy development. However their division was still limited to society division in a nation or inner division in an industry. Specifically, in the area of foreign economy relationship, we should necessarily cancel the administration command and depend on economy legislation which is indirect way, and even if we need, we should settle as a necessary mean. Second, we should establish public ownership system, and independent market should be the core organized together by various procession businesses. Third, the organization of business should establish modern enterprise system. Forth, we made the market system which competition is developed equally, and the recording price including important factor market and industry market is reasonable, unificative. Lastly, concerning the foreign exchange rate and the tax system, we should build the structure which is suitable to the international market and Chinese specific situations. . The logic between the two fields is interdependent and not separated. The former is the purpose for the latter, and the latter is mean for the former. Of course, the execution of the latter may not happen, but we should experience the long process to reform gradually. To realize the purpose of the former, the latter should be progressed essentially. Also, in the long view it will demand to reform the whole nation economy system because that reform is not limited in foreign relation field. Therefore the development of open economy will not only promote and ask to change economy system in the foreign field but also ask to reform the whole national economy. Like this, Chinese economy developed well from blockade economy to open economy. Especially, Chinese economy which finished the build of open economy(1978~2000) enters into the new development stage through the development of open economy(2001~the present), China joined the WTO(World Trade Organization in late 2001. They built socialistic market economy inside and they pursue high level strategy of foreign open economy which helps Chinese economy to go higher outside. Based on the efforts of the lower open stage where they expanded open areas by strengthening continually the Chinese trade field, international cooperative relationship with the Chinese traditional ideas using traditional open strategy, now China enters into the higher stage which means the development of open economy(2001-the present) to finish experiments of transforming Chinese socialistic system which intends socialistic system absorbing capitalistic system.