韓ㆍ美 FTA가 韓國有望産業에 미치는 영향 및 戰略的 對應方案에 관한 硏究

Abstract

Our country is the biggest beneficiary of multilateral trading system which is represented as GATT and WTO. Our economic development is being cited as the typical case of achieving growth through overseas trade. Also, our country is a reputed trading nation and the expansion of trade is indispensable for sustained economic development. In a word, the open world market is directly connected with our economic survival. But when we look at the recent trading environment of the world, the situation is that the regionalism centered on free trade agreement is being accelerated. The tendency of such regionalism is showing rapid proliferation in a WTO system rather than GATT system of the past. The competition of FTA conclusion by each country is much more accelerated without getting much effect from the launch of DDA which is currently in progress and the tendency of depending on regional agreement between both parties by many nations have become even more clear after failing to draw a significant agreement in WTO Cabinet meeting of Cancun in September, 2003. Such regional tendencies are also being statistically proven. When we examine 197 local agreements currently in effect, it realistically shows the extensive effect of recent regionalism by concluding 64 agreements in 1990's and 106 agreements after 2000 from having merely 5 agreements before 1970's 12 agreements in 1970's and 10 agreements in 1980's. In such circumstances, the reason for our country to promote FTA actively can be classified mainly into two reasons. First, we must promote FTA in order to minimize the loss as the offshore country of FTA network as regionalism has proliferated globally after the launch of EU in 1992 and NAFTA has come into effect in 1994 and furthermore, to actively cope with such challenge. Especially, considering the fact that the size of our oversea economy takes up more than 70% of gross domestic product (GDP)(the oversea trade (export+import) taking up 70.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004), we can say it is natural for us to devote all our energy to extend FTA in order to maintain existing export market and advance into new markets. If principal trading countries conclude FTA with other countries first, we would have no choice but to lose the market gradually due to lowered cost competitiveness followed by application of high customs tariffs. Therefore, concluding FTA with principal trading countries is indispensable in order to maintain export competitiveness of our products and secure stable overseas market. Second, the promotion of FTA is necessary in order to develop the overall system of the country and to strengthen economic structure through active open market and liberalization in a more positive aspect. For our economy to be reborn as a truly developed economy through qualitative development as well as the quantitative growth, it would be necessary to actively and aggressively utilize FTA settled as our main trading policy. Even throughout the world, each countries are actively launching into building FTA network by realizing that FTA and accompanying liberalization of trade are effective as main policy measures which expands industrial and national competitiveness. The fact that our government is recently promoting FTA simultaneously at the same time is also exactly positioned at the extension of awareness on benefits of such openness. The FTA being promoted out of such necessity can expect great economic and political effects. The United States which used to be the biggest export market of Korea has dropped its status as the 2nd～3rd export market by giving away the first place to China since 2004, it is clear that the United States is still the important market. The increase rate of exports to the United States in 2006 is 4.5% and continues to be less than the total increase rate of total exports for 6 years since 2001. Accordingly, the market share of imports from the United States has reduced from 3.3% in 1995 to 2.5% in 2006 (China 6.1% → 15.2%). For types of businesses, the reason was because while some products such as automobile and semiconductor, etc has put up a good battle, the export was in a serious slump from lowered competitiveness of most products including textiles. The export of textiles to the United States has dropped from 18.1% in 2005 to 14.3% in 2006 and was lower than total export increase rate. But the United States is still an important market to Korea and it is forecasted that the cost competitiveness of products such as textiles which was stagnant so far will be improved as well as the automobile which has the greatest importance in the exports to the United States. Especially in case of automobiles, the opportunity of developing new cars such as pickup trucks is forecasted to improve in its cost competitiveness. The machine section which has a high possibility of improving the technology between Korea and the United States would perform the role of supply base for parts and equipment materials of the United States companies through the cooperation with the United States. Also, the cost competitiveness of large processing machine tools which has great demand in the United States seems to be raised. The actual leader that would lead the U.S.-Korea FTA is the enterprise. Accordingly, the potential energy of Korean enterprise would have to be displayed as much as possible with a positive attitude of trying to utilize new opportunities to be emerged followed by U.S.-Korea FTA. That's because the U.S.-Korea FTA is the great opportunity to utilize the U.S. market which is the biggest in the world as a 'new domestic market'. While newly rising markets such as BRICs are also important, the status as a global enterprise in its name and reality would have to be secured by ensuring leadership in the United States market. By participating actively in a new world trading order called FTA before main competitors such as China and Japan, etc, the opportunity of preoccupying the market opportunity has been prepared. In the long run, the structure of enterprise would have to be globalized in order to cope with FTA system which is being emerged as the new trading order in its early stage. The U.S.-Korea FTA must perform the role of external leverage in order to promote the economy. The acceleration of competitiveness is necessary for effective restructuring of enterprise and independent incentive for raising competitiveness by enterprise due to market pressure would have to be raised or the withdrawal or merge of enterprises with low competitiveness would have to be induced. But an excessive financial support despite the weak competitiveness delays the exposure of weakness and rather becomes the result of deepening the weakness by intercepting the competitiveness raising incentives. If the open economy gets spreaded from the U.S.-Korea FTA, the market competition pressure gets increased to act as the pressure of restructuring to the company while the competition with competitive imported products and competitiveness with foreign businesses advanced into the country would perform the role of a catalyzer which promotes the corporate restructuring that has become inactive after several years since the foreign exchange crisis. Also, the U.S.-Korea FTA would have to be utilized as a part of strategy for heightening the industrial structure. The recent FTA bargaining topic has the tendency of being spreaded to service, investment and intellectual property, etc as well as the product and custom duties. The FTA gets to have a great influence on the entire economy as well as the trade structure of products. Therefore, concentrating only on the profit from trading goods is a near sighted approach. We are at the time point in which the structural change as knowledge intensive industry and high added value business are necessary while the attitude of trying to utilize FTA as an opportunity to elevate the industrial structure is needed. Especially, the situation is that the competitiveness is low at the service industry which hadn't been exposed to the international competitiveness by growing as domestic industry. The FTA with huge economic circle would contribute to consolidating the economic structure in a long term aspect. These are the times in which an effort of trying to minimize the side effect is needed while maximizing the effects such as consolidation of competitiveness from accelerated competition and heightened industrial structure, etc. FTA is a sort of agreement and there is the portion in which we must yield one thing in order to gain another. In other words, the negative side also exists if there is positive side. The side gaining profit would be manufacturing industry and textile industry while the side suffering from loss would be agriculture and service industry. While conclusion of FTA between Korea and the United States would increase domestic consumer welfare and cost competitiveness of exports to the United States, it would create damages such as lowered profit through deepened competition to financial, medical, legal and service industries as well as the people engaged in agriculture. The approval and opposition on this is a natural result and facing the negotiation by reflecting the demands of each one of them would be the share of the concerned parties of negotiation. Although the deepened competition surely becomes a burden to the producer, there exists an advantage of being able to use better products at lower prices for consumers. But the U.S.-Korea FTA is on the extension of pursuing the interest of our country and would become the opportunity of becoming helpful in economic development of two countries through economic cooperation accelerator called FTA. FTA is the method for win-win game which is not an agreement of any one side gaining unilateral profit or loss. Although both arguments of agreement and disagreement have equally confronted each other, the FTA between Korea and the United States has been concluded. There is time left until it becomes effective. Now we must gather our strength to make preparations to make parts having competitiveness even stronger and possess competitiveness in parts having weak competitiveness. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the effect of U.S.-Korea FTA on the enterprise and export of goods while presenting the objective so that the advancement strategy in which the national interest becomes a priority during and after concluding the FTA by identifying promising items. For the method of study, the related literature, thesis and statistics data on trade issues and FTA published in our country have been referred to as basic data as well as referring to various seminar materials, related journals and various research theses to set the emphasis on examining the basic objective trade policies of the United States and FTA and deriving promising items and advancement strategy followed by U.S.-Korea FTA by studying the influence of enterprise and promising industries of the future while analyzing the economic effect followed by U.S.-Korea FTA at the same time. For the general statistics materials and data for researching this thesis, the website of Korea Export-Import Bank of Korea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Free Trade Agreement have been analyzed for the most part to make effort for effective research and unity of details. For the change of policy and prompt information, periodic publications and newspapers of Korea Trade Association and Samsung Economic Research Center, etc have been referred to while using various materials of Industrial Research Center, Foreign Economic Policy Research Center, Korea Trade Association, The Korea Chamber of Commerce& Industry, KOTRA, Ministry of Agriculture and the Federation of Korean Industries. For the research scope of this thesis, the result followed by promotion background and bargaining agreement of U.S.-Korea FTA by considering the trade policies of the United States and basic objective of FTA to examine the significance of agreement. Also, the effects by each industry which may take place followed by investment expansion prospect which is being continued after the conclusion of U.S.-Korea FTA is analyzed and has set the focus on presenting the plan to raise the competitiveness of our industry by deriving strategic coping plan followed by U.S.-Korea FTA while establishing and organizing the advancement strategy by identifying the promising business types. The organization of this thesis has been classified into five chapters. Chapter 1 is the introduction and summarized the purpose, scope and method of the study. Chapter 2 has examined the promotion background of U.S.-Korea FTA by adjusting to the change of international trade atmosphere through the consideration of FTA objectives of the United States, organized the negotiation results that have followed by organizing into each field to analyze their results. In chapter 3, the effect of main business types followed by U.S.-Korea FTA have been analyzed using specific statistics materials and data, set the focus on deriving promising industries (goods) of the future and presented the advancement strategy to the United States by each business types (goods). In chapter 5, the strategic plan for utilization along with coping plan of Korean enterprises followed by the conclusion of U.S.-Korea FTA has been presented based on the study results of chapter 1~chapter 3. Finally, chapter 5 is the conclusion section and attempts to draw a conclusion by summarizing and putting together the entire study results of this thesis.