OECD 국가 여성의 출산율과 주관적 삶의 질의 영향요인에 대한 연구

Abstract

In this study, social capital measured at the individual level and work/family By examining the effect of social policies measured by family reconciliation policy on women's fertility rate and subjective quality of life using multi-layered analysis, we identify individual and national level explanatory variables that explain women's fertility rate and subjective quality of life. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to present practical and policy measures to improve women's fertility rate and subjective quality of life. The fertility rate is the number of children in women, and subjective quality of life is evaluated as happiness and life satisfaction. The sub-variables of social capital are private interpersonal trust, social interpersonal trust, social organization trust, government organizational trust, informal group network, formal group network, As a norm, the sub-variables of work-family balance policy were examined as wealth-paid maternity leave, breast-feeding maternity leave, public family benefit cash, and public family benefit in-kind. Individual level measurement control variables are religion, marital status, educational level, subjective financial satisfaction, and subjective health satisfaction. The national level measurement control variable is income inequality. Personal level analysis data is the World Value Survey of the University of Michigan, which has been surveying items on estimated rates, subjective quality of life, and political, social, and cultural values ​​every five years in more than 80 countries from 1981 to the present. For national level analysis, Summary of paid leave entitlements formothers/fathers (2018) was used to secure data on maternity and paternity leave, and Public spending on early childhood education and care (2015) was the latest data on public family allowance expenditure. Family benefits public spending (2017) indicators were used. The subjects of individual level analysis are women aged 20-49, and the subjects of national level analysis are 9 OECD countries. A total of 4.113 women were included in the analysis, and the nine OECD countries included in the analysis were Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Mexico, Turkey, Greece, Japan, Korea and the United States. Descriptive statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA, and correlation analysis were performed using SPSS for Window 27, and hierarchical linear model analysis was performed using the HLM 8.20 for Windows program. The research questions are as follows. First, what effect does social capital (private interpersonal trust, social interpersonal trust, social organization trust, government organizational trust, informal group network, formal group network, norms) have on women's fertility rate and subjective quality of life (happiness, life satisfaction) does it affect Second, how does work-family balance policy (wealthy paid maternity leave, breast-fed maternity leave, public family benefit cash, public family benefit in-kind) affect women's subjective quality of life (happiness, life satisfaction)? The main research results according to the research questions are as follows. As a result of examining the effect of social capital on the female fertility rate, the result of examining the effect of social capital on the female fertility rate showed that when only individual-level measurement variables were input, the higher the trust in the government organization and the higher the informal group network, the higher the fertility rate. It was found that the higher the trust in social organization, the lower the fertility rate. It was found that private interpersonal trust, social interpersonal trust, formal group networks, and norms had no effect. Even after additional national-level measurement variables were added, the birth rate was still higher as trust in government organizations and informal group networks increased, and the higher the trust in social organizations, the lower the birth rate., the norm appeared to have no effect. As a result of examining the effect of social capital on women's happiness, when only individual-level measurement variables were input, it was found that the higher the private interpersonal trust, the trust in the government organization, the higher the informal group network, the higher the norm. It was found that the higher the social interpersonal trust and the higher the official group network, the lower the sense of happiness. It was found that trust in social organization had no effect. Even after additional national-level measurement variables were added, the sense of happiness increased as the private interpersonal trust, government organizational trust, informal group network, and norms increased. was found not to be reached. As a result of examining the effect of social capital on women's life satisfaction, when only individual-level measurement variables were input, life satisfaction increased as private interpersonal trust, government organization trust, formal group network, and norms increased., the informal group network did not affect the quality of life. As a result of additional input of national-level measurement variables, life satisfaction increased as private interpersonal trust, government organizational trust, formal group networks, and norms increased. As a result of examining the effect of work-family balance policy on women's fertility rate, when only national-level measurement variables were input, the fertility rate increased as wealth paid maternity leave, public family benefit cash, and public family benefit in-kind increased. The higher the number, the lower the birth rate. After additional individual level measurement variables were added, the feeling of happiness increased as the amount of wealth paid maternity leave and public family benefit in-kind increased. As a result of examining the effect of work-family balance policy on women's happiness, when only national-level measurement variables were input, the feeling of happiness increased as wealth paid maternity leave, public family benefit cash, and public family benefit in-kind increased. It did not affect happiness. Even after adding individual-level measurement variables, the feeling of happiness increased as the amount of maternity leave, public family benefit cash, and public family benefit in-kind increased, and breast-feeding leave did not affect happiness. As a result of examining the effect of work-family balance policy on women's life satisfaction, when only national level measurement variables were input, life satisfaction increased as the public family benefit in-kind increased. Cash had no effect on life satisfaction. After additional individual level measurement variables were added, maternity leave, breastfeeding leave, public family benefit cash, and public family benefit in-kind had no effect on life satisfaction. Based on the research results, in particular, if the multi-layered analysis is conducted with the fertility rate and life satisfaction as dependent variables and population/economic factors, work-family balance policy factors, and social capital factors as independent variables, demographic/economic factors, work-family balance, etc. While the influence of some variables, such as policy factors, disappeared, social capital factors continued to have an effect on the fertility rate and life satisfaction. In other words, although demographic and economic factors and work-family balance policy factors affect the fertility rate and life satisfaction for women, it can be interpreted as having a greater effect when combined with social capital factors. Conclusions, discussions, and implications of the study were presented based on the research results.