A Study of Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics in TIG Assisted Hybrid Friction Stir Welded Joints of Dissimilar Materials (Al5052-DP590) by Numerical Analysis
- Author(s)
- 홍성민
- Issued Date
- 2018
- Abstract
- 최근 자동차산업 및 각종 수송기산업에서는 승객의 안전과 편의성 향상을 위한 장착부품의 증가와 환경규제에 따른 대응책으로 차체 경량화를 통한 연비향상에 대해 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 경량화 기술 중, 경량금속 및 이종/혼합재료를 채택하는 Multi-Materials Mix Technology의 효율성이 확인됨에 따라 이종재료 접합기술은 위의 연구 중에서도 가장 각광받는 분야이다.
특히, 알루미늄 합금은 기존에 사용되던 스틸에 비해 비중이 1/3 이고, 높은 성형성, 내식성 등을 갖음으로써 그 활용성이 주목을 받고있다. 또한, 고장력강 및 초고장력강은 기존 스틸에 비해 높은 ‘강도 대 중량 비(Strength weight ratio)’를 가짐으로써 위의 재료들은 차체 경량화를 위한 최적의 재료로 손꼽히고 있다. 하지만, 기존의 용융용접(Fusion welding)을 이용한 철계(steel) 및 비철계(Al, Mg 합금 등)간의 이종재료 접합은 두 재료의 상이한 물성 차이 및 계면에서 형성되는 취성의 금속간화합물(intermetallic compound, IMC)의 생성으로 건전한 접합부를 얻기 힘들다. 알루미늄합금-초고장력강 용접 시 형성되는 Fe-Al IMC의 경우, 다른 이종재료 용접 시 형성되는 IMC와 달리 형성되는 화합물 모두가 취성의 성질을 나타냄으로써 용접부의 강도를 저하시키는 주요 원인이 된다.
위의 두 접합재료의 물성 차이에서 오는 문제점은 1991년 영국 TWI에서 개발된 고상접합법인 마찰교반접합(Friction Stir Welding, FSW)은 철계와 비철계간의 이종재료 접합에서 모재 대비 약 70~80 %의 접합강도를 확보함으로써 하나의 해결책이 될 수 있다 [1]. 특히, 하이브리드 마찰교반접합(Hybrid Friction Stir Welding, HFSW)은 경질재료(hard material)에 보조열원을 조사하여 재료의 소성유동(plastic flow)을 증가시킴으로써, FSW 단독공정 대비 향상된 접합부 강도를 확보할 수 있으며, 티그(TIG), 레이저, 고주파, 초음파 등 다양한 열원을 보조열원으로 적용한 연구결과들이 보고되고 있다. 최근에는 컴퓨터 하드/소프트웨어의 발달에 의해 이종재료 용접 시 용접부의 온도변화나 열응력, 잔류응력 등의 계산에 대한 상용 프로그램 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있으며, 이동열원의 효과 및 재료의 온도 의존성을 고려한 열전도, 용접잔류응력 등의 수치해석 기법들이 국내외의 다수 학자들에 의해 활발한 연구와 논문으로 발표되고 있다. 하지만 위의 수많은 노력에도 불구하고, 아직까지 하이브리드 마찰교반 용접을 이용한 알루미늄합금-초고장력강의 용접공정과 수치해석을 이용한 용접 시 형성되는 금속간 화합물(Fe-Al IMC)의 두께 예측에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다.
따라서 본 연구에서는 자동차용 부품인 CTR FLR COMPL의 Side Upper TWB 적용을 위한 알루미늄 합금-초고장력강 이종재(Al5052-DP590) 용접부의 신뢰성 확보를 위해 TIG-FSW 하이브리드 용접을 이용한 이종재료 용접공정을 최적화하고, 수치해석 및 금속간화합물(IMC) 예측을 수행하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 재료는 알루미늄합금 (AA5052-H32, 2.5t) 및 초고장력강(SFPC590DP,1.4t)이며, 용접재료의 소성유동 향상을 위한 보조열원은 티그(TIG)를 사용하였다. 보조열원으로 차용된 TIG의 전류(20, 30, 40 A)에 따른 용접부 특성을 평가하기 위해 HFSW 용접부의 특성들은 FSW 단독공정을 이용하여 취득한 용접부의 특성과 비교평가 되었다. 용접에 앞서 실제 시험편과 같은 크기인 250 mm (W) x 600 mm x 2.5 mm (t) 알루미늄 합금 & 1.4 mm (t) 초고장력강의 3차원 유한요소 모델 개발을 통해 용접부의 열전도 해석 및 IMC 두께 예측, 열탄소성 해석을 진행하였다. 수치해석 결과의 신뢰성 확보를 위하여 해석 결과를 실제 실험결과와 비교평가 하였다. Thermocouple을 이용하여 측정된 열 이력을 시뮬레이션과 비교하였으며, 이종재료 TWB 접합부의 기계적 특성 평가를 위해 인장시험 및 Vickers 경도시험을 진행하였다. 접합부의 금속학적 평가는 주사전자현미경(SEM-EDS)을 이용하여 IMC 특성을 고찰하고, IMC의 형성두께를 측정/평가하였다.
수치해석 결과, 예측된 알루미늄 합금-초고장력강 이종재 용접부의 IMC 두께는 1.4 ~ 5.6 µm 로 예측되었으며, 이는 실제 평균형성두께인 2.02(±0.222) ~ 3.94(±0.518) μm 로 유효성이 입증되었다. 예측된 IMC 두께 및 실측 두께는 모두 건전한 용접부 형성조건인 10 µm 이하의 두께를 만족하였다. 하이브리드 용접부의 최대 평균인장강도는 TIG 전류 20 A, 용접속도 1 mm/sec, 툴 회전속도 400 RPM의 조건에서 약 184 MPa를 기록하였으며, 이는 알루미늄 모재 강도의 약 84 %로써 FSW 용접부 대비 10 % 향상된 인장강도를 확보할 수 있었다.
- Alternative Title
- 수치해석에 의한 TIG-FSW 하이브리드 이종재(Al5052-DP590) 용접부의 열적·기계적 특성에 관한 연구
- Alternative Author(s)
- Hong, Sung Min
- Affiliation
- 조선대학교 일반대학원
- Department
- 일반대학원 용접·접학과학공학
- Advisor
- 방희선
- Awarded Date
- 2019-02
- Table Of Contents
- TABLE OF CONTENTS··························································· 1
LIST OF FIGURES································································· 3
LIST OF TABLES··································································· 5
ABSTRACT··········································································· 6
Chapter I. Introduction
1.1 Background····································································· 9
1.2 Characteristics of Fe-Al Intermetallic Compounds (IMC) ·············· 13
1.3 Objective······································································· 16
1.4 Construction of Thesis························································· 19
Chapter II. Experimental Development of TIG Assisted Hybrid Friction Stir Welding Process
2.1 Introduction···································································· 21
2.2 Experimental Details·························································· 24
2.2.1 Experimental Equipment·················································· 24
2.2.2 Experimental Method······················································ 25
2.3 Optimization of Welding Process············································· 29
2.3.1 Mechanical Evaluation···················································· 29
2.3.2 Metallurgical Evaluation·················································· 35
2.4 Conclusion····································································· 37
Chapter III. Prediction of Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of Dissimilar Materials Joints by Hybrid Friction Stir Welding through Numerical Analysis
3.1 Introduction···································································· 38
3.2 FE Model of Heat Source for TIG Assisted Hybrid FSW Process········· 39
3.2.1 Characterization of Heat Source·········································· 39
3.2.2 Analysis Method··························································· 44
3.2.3 Numerical Model and Welding Condition······························· 53
3.3 Thermal Characteristics ······················································· 55
3.3.1 Temperature Distribution·················································· 55
3.3.2 Fe-Al Intermetallic Compound Layer Thickness························ 65
3.4 Mechanical Characteristics···················································· 70
3.4.1 Residual Stress····························································· 70
3.4.2 Plastic Strain······························································· 75
3.5 Conclusion····································································· 77
Chapter IV Summary
Summary··········································································· 79
Reference··········································································· 83
Acknowledgement······························································· 89
- Degree
- Master
- Publisher
- 조선대학교 일반대학원
- Citation
- 홍성민. (2018). A Study of Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics in TIG Assisted Hybrid Friction Stir Welded Joints of Dissimilar Materials (Al5052-DP590) by Numerical Analysis.
- Type
- Dissertation
- URI
- https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/13701
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000267047
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