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mPGES-1 억제제로서 신규한 thiazolidinedione 유도체 개발

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Author(s)
카나 센딥
Issued Date
2010
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs)은 생리적, 병리학적 과정에 광범위하고 다양하게 관련되어 있다. 그 중 PGE2 는 여러 생리적 기능의 억제와 염증의 주요한 매개 물질로 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 여겨지고 있다. PGE2 형성과정은, arachidonic acid (AA)가 cyclooxygenase (COX)경로를 통하여 endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 (PGH2)가 만들어지는데, 이물질로부터 PG synthetase 에 의하여 만들어진다. 대부분의 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)은 COX-1 혹은 COX-2를 억제하여 PGE2 의 생합성 억제하는 작용을 한다. 그러나 COX-1 은 위장기관을 보호하는 기능이 있기 때문에, NSAIDs 에 의한 두 COX 의 비선택적 억제는 심한 위장장애를 일으킨다. 따라서 COX-2 만을 타겟으로 하는 선택적 억제제로서 celecoxib와 rofecoxib 등이 개발되었으나 이러한 약들의 장기간 복용은 심근경색과 혈전증과 같은 심각한 부작용을 일으킨다. 따라서 PGH2 에서 PGE2 를 형성하는 microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1)와 같은 하위 signal 을 타겟으로 하여 COX-1 또는 COX-2 억제제로부터 야기되는 부작용을 방지할 필요성이 있다.
따라서, 본 실험에서는 mPGES-1 억제제 개발을 목적으로 하여, 58개 thiazolidinediones (TZDs) 유도체들을 크게 3가지 경로를 사용하여 합성하였다. 치환된 Benzaldehyde 중간체 (SIB) 는, 초기물질로 p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 에 여러가지 알코올치환기를 사용하여 Mitsunobu coupling 하여 만들었다. Refluxing toluene 존재하에 SIB와 thiazolidine-2,4-dione 을 Knoevenagel 농축시켜 최종산물 TDZs 를 얻었다. 얻어진 각각의 화합물에 대하여는 in vitro mPGES-1 억제 활성을 측정하였다. PGE2의 농도는 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit을 이용하여 측정하였으며, 각각 화합물의 mPGES-1 에 대한 IC50 값을 계산하였다.
Scheme 1 에 의해 형성된 화합물들의 structure activity relationship (SAR)을 보면, cyclohexane 과 SIB ring 의 4번 위치에 있는 ether 와의 두개의 methyl 기가 있는 물질이 mPGES-1 의 억제효과가 큰 것으로 나타났고 R1 위치에 methyl 기가 methoxy 기로 치환되면 억제효과는 줄어들었다. Scheme 2 에 의해 형성된 화합물들은 SIB ring의 ether 결합이 4번 위치에서 3번 위치로 바뀌면 mPGES-1 에 대한 결합능력이 감소되었다. 마지막으로 Scheme 3 에서는 SIB ring 의 2번 위치에 chlorine, 4번 위치에 ether 결합이 있고 R 에 다른 기들이 있으면 억제효과 가 매우 달라졌다. 본 실험에서 합성한 58가지의 TZDs 중에서, 강한 mPGES-1 억제효과를 보이는 6개의 화합물을 대상으로 세포독성 실험을 HaCaT 세포주를 이용하여, 알려진 inhibitor rosiglitazone 과 비교 수행하였다. 비교군에 비해 독성의 정도는 약간 더 있었으나 그 이용 가능성을 보여주었다.
본 실험에서 합성한 가장 강한 6가지 mPGES-1 억제제는 다음과 같다. 5-(4-(2-Thiophen-2-yl)ethoxy) benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 0.54 µM), 5-[4-(Thiophen-3-ylmethoxy) benzylidene]thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 2.84 µM), 5-(4-(2-cyclopentylethoxy) benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 3.70 µM), 5-(3-(benzyloxy)-2-chloro benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 9.80 µM), 5- (2-chloro -3-(cyclohexyl propoxy)benzylidene)thiazolidine-2, 4-dione (IC50 11.10 µM) and 5-(2-chloro-4-(3- cyclohexylpropoxy) benzylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 15.00 µM).
이러한 실험 결과를 볼 때, 본 실험에서 신규 합성된 TZDs는 COX-1/COX-2 억제제를 대신할, 유력한 항 염증제로 사용할 수 있다고 결론을 내릴 수 있다.|Prostaglandins (PGs) have been implicated in an extensive variety of physiological and pathological processes. Among them, PGE2 is believed to be a key player in the control of various physiological functions and a major mediator of inflammation. PGE2 is formed by PG synthetase from the endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) which is derived from arachidonic acid (AA) through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) function by inhibiting biosynthesis of PGs through inhibition of COX-1 and/or COX-2. Since COX-1 has a protective function in the gastrointestinal tract, non-selective inhibition of both COX leads to moderate to severe gastrointestinal side effects. Selective COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and rofecoxib could also causes sudden myocardial infarction and thrombosis. Therefore, there is a need to target more downstream enzyme such as microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) that catalyzes the formation of PGE2 from PGH2.
Fifty eight thiazolidinediones (TZDs) derivatives were synthesized by using three schemes. The substituted intermediate benzaldehyde (SIB) was afforded by Mitsunobu coupling between starting material p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and various substituents (alcohol group) in reproducible good yield. Knoevenagel condensation between the SIB and thiazolidine-2, 4-dione in refluxing toluene gives the final compound of TDZs. Each compound was assayed in vitro for the mPGES-1 inhibitory activity. PGE2 concentration was measured by enzyme immunoassay kit and IC50 values were calculated.
In Scheme 1, structure activity relationship (SAR) suggested that the two methyl group between cyclohexane and ether linkage at 4 position in SIB ring showed good inhibitory activity for mPGES-1. When methyl group at R1 position was replaced by methoxy group, the inhibitory activity decreased. Scheme 2, SAR suggested that the binding efficiency with mPGES-1 decreased with the ether linkage change from 4 position to 3 position in SIB ring. Finally in scheme 3, introduction of chlorine at 2 position and ether linkage at 4 position in SIB ring with different functional group at R position showed inhibitory activity was significantly changed. Of 58 TZDs, percentage cytotoxicity of top six mPGES-1inhibitors and rosiglitazone were checked by using HaCaT cell line. Cytotoxicity of top six mPGES-1 inhibitor showed that comparative cytotoxicity with that of rosiglitazone.
Top 6 mPGES-1 inhibitors included 5-(4-(2-Thiophen-2-yl)ethoxy) benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 0.54 µM), 5-[4-(Thiophen-3-ylmethoxy) benzylidene]thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 2.84 µM), 5-(4-(2-cyclopentylethoxy) benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 3.70 µM), 5-(3-(benzyloxy)-2-chloro benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 9.80 µM), 5- (2-chloro -3-(cyclohexyl propoxy)benzylidene)thiazolidine-2, 4-dione (IC50 11.10 µM) and 5-(2-chloro-4-(3- cyclohexylpropoxy)benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (IC50 15.00 µM).
It is concluded that these novel TZDs could be ideal anti-inflammatory drugs to replace COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors.
Alternative Title
Thiazolidinedione derivatives as novel mPGES-1 inhibitors
Alternative Author(s)
Karna, Sandeep
Department
일반대학원 바이오신약개발학과
Advisor
조훈
Awarded Date
2011-02
Table Of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF SCHEMES v
ABBREVIATIONS vi
ABSTRACT x
국문초록 xii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BRIEF HISTORY 1
1.2 EICOSANOIDS 2
1.3 PHOSPHOLIPASE RELEASE ARACHODONIC ACID 3
1.3.1 Phospholipase (PLase) enzymes 4
1.4 METABOLISM OF AA 6
1.5 BIOSYNTHESIS OF PGs 7
1.6 MECHANISM OF PG ACTION 9
1.6.1 COX and NSAID 9
1.6.2 COX-3 11
1.7 PROSTANOID SYNTHASES 12
1.7.1 mPGES-1 12
1.7.2 mPGES-2 13
1.7.3 cPGES 13
1.8 STRUCTURE, REGULATION AND PHYSIOLOGY OF mPGES-1 14
1.8.1 Structure of mPGES-1 14
1.8.2 Regulation of mPGES-1 16
1.8.3 Physiology of mPGES-1 17
1.9 PG TRANSPORT 23
1.10 PG CATABOLISM 24
1.11 THAIZOLIDINEDIONE 25
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 27
2.1 MATERIALS 27
2.2 METHODS 27
2.2.1 Cell culture 27
2.2.2 Cell viability assay 28
2.2.3 Transfection of plasmid DNA 28
2.2.4 Collection of microsomal fraction 28
2.2.5 Coomassie blue staining 29
2.2.6 Protein quantification 29
2.2.7 mPGES-1 activity assay 30
2.2.8 Statistical data analysis 30
2.2.9 Synthesis of compounds 30
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34
4. CONCLUSION 46
5. REFERENCES 48
ANNEX-I (COMPOUND STRUCTURE AND 1HNMR DATA) 76
ANNEX-II (1HNMR SPECTRA) 97
AKNOLEDGEMENT 120
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
카나 센딥. (2010). mPGES-1 억제제로서 신규한 thiazolidinedione 유도체 개발.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/8860
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000241024
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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  • Embargo2011-03-03
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