3D시뮬레이션 사용에 따른 국내 환경조각의 조형적 변화상 연구

Abstract

20세기는 사진과 영화, 컴퓨터 등 여러 가지 시각매체들이 등장하면서 미술사에 있어서도 커다란 전환기를 맞았던 시기였다. 이들 다양한 매체들의 중심에서 컴퓨터는 각 매체 간 통합과 소통을 이뤄내면서 21세기 미술의 현장에 활기를 불어넣고 있다. 초창기 컴퓨터는 단순한 이미지 생산이나 합성의 용도로 사용되었으나 하드웨어와 소프트웨어의 기술이 발달된 1980년대 이후에는 컴퓨터미술이라는 장르를 별도로 구별해야 할 만큼 사용방법이 다양해지고 빈번해졌다. 환경조각 영역에서 컴퓨터는 1980년대 후반 개인용 컴퓨터 보급과 3D 그래픽 프로그램의 일반적 사용에 따라 서서히 사용되기 시작한다. 우리나라의 경우 90년대 이후 각종 공모전의 심사용 도판을 제작하기 위하여 컴퓨터 그래픽 작업이 사용되기 시작하였고 주로 작품 사진과 배경의 합성을 위한 조감도용 편집이 이루어졌다. 이후 3D 모델링 프로그램이 보급되면서 조각 작품의 모델링도 컴퓨터상에서 이루어지기 시작했다. 디지털 환경의 도입은 조각 분야에서 많은 변화를 불러일으키고 있고 특히 환경 조각은 전통 조각에서 별도로 독립해야 할 만큼 조형적 변화의 폭이 크다. 이러한 환경 속에서 작가의식의 변화는 이러한 첨단 디지털 매체의 간섭에 의해서 촉발 되었다고 볼 수 있다. 환경조각이 디지털화 되었다는 것은 도구적 수단의 변화나 이전시대의 미학적 가치의 변화만을 의미하는 것이 아니라 조각의 개념과 존재형식, 작품이 놓일 환경을 바라보는 근본적인 공간인식을 망라하는 것이며, 무엇보다 공간 개념에 있어서 디지털 기술은 종래의 수동적인 응시 관념의 대상에서 능동적이고 구성(Composition)적인 차원으로 바뀌게 되었다. 2000년 이후 3D시뮬레이션이 보편화 되면서 전통적으로 사용하던 나무, 대리석, 화강석, 철, 브론즈 외에도 유리, 스텐리스 스틸, L.E.D, 각종 플라스틱, 광고용 판넬, 아크릴, 각종 필름, 가죽, 천 까지 다양한 소재들이 작품에 등장하게 된다. 3D 시뮬레이션을 작품제작에 적극 활용하는 작가들은 그 제작 방식 및 시공에 있어서도 3D 시뮬레이션의 장점을 최대한 활용한다. 환경조각은 작품의 규모나 재료에 따라서 제작 방식이나 현장시공 방법이 다양하다. 특히 현대 환경조각은 움직이는 조각 외에도 각종 전기, 전자장치로 제어되는 엘리베이터나 대형 전광판과 같은 건축 구조물들과 상호 유기적으로 결합되어 제작된다. 위와 같이 복잡한 구조의 조형물들은 설계에서 시공에 이르는 전 과정에 시뮬레이션화 된 공정이 적용될 때 시간적으로나 경제적으로 효율적이다. 위와 같이 투시용 조감도 제작으로부터 시작한 컴퓨터 그래픽 작업은 이제 우리나라 환경 조각에서는 작품 설계, 제작, 설치 등 작품제작의 전반적인 과정에 반드시 거처야 하는 필수 작업도구로 발전되었다.

3D시뮬레이션을 작품에 적극 활용하는 작가들은 이제 정이나 망치보다 마우스나 키보드에 익숙하게 되었고 인물형상 보다는 빛이나, 음악, 영상이 가미된 작품을 꿈꾸고 있다. 21세기 환경조각은 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션의 도움으로 어떠한 작품이든 구상과정에서 작품의 시공에 이르기까지 일괄적으로 작업을 수행할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 이렇게 급속도로 확장된 컴퓨터 작업 환경은 여러 가지 문제점들을 만들어 내기도 한다. 과실재(過實在)의 문제나 특정재료에 치우쳐 획일화된 작품경향 같은 다양한 문제점들이 그것이다. 이러한 문제점들은 미술 분야의 모든 문제점들이 시간이 지나면서 자리를 잡아갔던 과거 전례처럼 각 부분별로 시간을 두고 차츰 해소될 것으로 보인다. 현재 우리나라의 환경조각의 현장에는 3D 시뮬레이션(3D Simulation)이 일반화 되어 이전 시대와는 확연히 다른 조형적 변화가 일어나고 있다. 이러한 3D 시뮬레이션이 환경조각에 도입되어 보편적으로 사용되고 있음에도 현재 3D 시뮬레이션의 보편화에 따른 조형적 변화 양상에 대한 연구와 논의가 활발하게 이루어지지 않고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문은 3D 시뮬레이션이 환경조각에 도입된지 20년이 되어가는 현시점에서 3D 시뮬레이션이 어떻게 사용되고 있는지와 그로인해 발생되는 여러 가지 현상들에 대해 고찰 한다. 또한 보편화된 3D 시뮬레이션의 미학적 지위와 유용성을 연구하고 다양한 현대미술 흐름 속에서 3D 가상 시뮬레이션을 이용한 예술이 앞으로 나아갈 방향을 제시 하는데 목적이 있다. 더불어 3D 시뮬레이션 제작 툴들이 환경조형물 공모전에 편중되어 사용되고 있는 현 상황에서 3D 시뮬레이션을 순수미술(fine art)에 효과적으로 사용할 수 있는 방법들도 제시해 보고자 한다.|In the 21st century when the cutting-edge digital technology is generalized, an infinite amount of information is produced and reprocessed in real time through various digital devices before it is widely used. Anyone can easily produce information and get access to a high level of information in real time. It is now possible to visit almost every city in the world through the Internet. Now, the 21st century is considered to be the period which cannot be described without mentioning computers and the Internet. Also, the field of art has been influenced by the digitalized period, so digital tools are used in various fields either directly or indirectly. Among them, it can be said that the field of art is more subject to the digital environment than others. Even if the relationship between the field of art and the field of technology still causes some argument, it is a fact that the current cutting-edge technology combined with the cutting-edge info-communication of the 21st century greatly influences the field of art. The development of such a graphic technology as the 3D simulation changes the essence of art which must be based on the related material or the technology required to handle it. Since the environmental sculpture is installed in a public place due to its characteristics, it is necessary to analyze the complicated social environment with various aspects thoroughly and provide appropriate works to the public society. The work tools like the 3D simulation can be regarded as the most optimal work tools which can be used to consider the direction of the environmental sculpture. Also, they can be regarded as the most optimal tools which can be used to manufacture the environmental sculpture which reflects various demands of the public society, which are more complicated than those of the past, according to the level of the society. Since 1990󰡑s when the 3D modeling program became common, the 3D simulation has been actively used in the field of sculpture in Korea. Regarding the domestic environmental structure, the computer graphic work has been used to manufacture an inspection board for various contents. Regarding the graphic works in the early stage, the editing works to combine the pictures of the works with other background views were mainly executed. However, as the 3D modeling program was distributed, the modeling process for the sculpture works was executed through computers as well. The computer graphic works were applied to the manufacturing process for perspective views for the first time. Now, they are regarded as the essential work tool which must be applied throughout the whole process in regard to designing, manufacturing and installing stages for the domestic environmental sculpture. Also, at the site for the domestic environmental sculpture, the 3D simulation has become common, providing the formative changes which are clearly different from those of the previous period. The field of sculpture has not shown any big change over the centuries due to the characteristics of the materials used in the field. From the prehistorical sculpture to the one found in the 20th century, such strong materials as [Soil and Paddles], [Stone and Chisel] and [Bronze and Casting] have been continuously used. However, as the digital environment was introduced in the field of sculpture, various changes have been emerged. Since the early 1990󰡑s when the 3D simulation was introduced to the environmental sculpture, there have been many changes to the environmental sculpture over the past 20 years as shown in the complicated social environment at the moment. Also, artists' views have been changed, so have their works. Regarding the convenient work environment, the workplace filled with dust and the sound of a hammer has been changed to the one filled with the shining light of a monitor. The work environment in which almost every material existing on the earth can be used is provided through the screen of the monitor. As the way of using the materials has become simple and easy, the shapes and types of the works have been changed. As a result, the previous structural works have been combined with various construction materials. They have been transformed into the complicated and multi-functional works with such factors as lighting, installation and media. Reflecting such a situation, the structural sculpture took about 84.5% among the sculpture works in Korea before the year of 2000. However, the proportion was weakened to be 23.2% after that time. On the other hand, the non-structural sculpture took 43.8%. Such changes show that the environmental sculpture works in Korea have been changed from the structural form to the non-structural one. Also, the artist's sense has been changed a lot. As a result, both the previous way of manufacturing academic sculpture works and the way of planning, managing and supervising the works like those applied by the modern architects are considered. Currently, the environmental sculptors use computers to consider and design their works and make blueprints for the modeling process in regard to the entire manufacturing process. The works which are completed this way are divided into individual parts and manufactured at the factory according to different processes. The whole manufacturing process is similar to that of constructing a building. The artists who can actively utilize the 3D simulation are now accustomed to the mouse or keyboard of the computer rather than hammers and chisel. They are now trying to make the works showing light, music and video images rather than human figures. The environmental sculpture of the 21st century makes it possible to execute every kind of work from the installation to the application with the help of the computer simulation. As the 3D simulation is used in the process of making sculpture, such positive aspects as shown below are provided. Firstly, by actively utilizing such characteristics as the unlimited change and duplication provided by the digital technology in the process of manufacturing works, it is possible to make the sculpture with various shapes. Also, it is possible to consider the emergence of the sculpture with the formative process which represents various ways of making sculpture. Secondly, by using the convenient organic and communicative characteristics of the digital media, it is possible to consider the emergence of the sculpture which can communicate with other types of media. Such a fact means that the production of the sculpture makes it possible to communicate with other genres such as music, light and sound. Thirdly, it is possible to consider the emergence of the sculpture which can be combined with the urban architecture in the supplementary process. Such a process is possible on the condition that the characteristics of the previous sculpture, which have existed regardless of the environment or architecture, are removed. All these works compose the media for the harmony between human beings and their environment, which is the original purpose of art. Regarding such a fact, it can be said that the modern sculpture is moving out of the frame of the fixed independent environmental sculpture shown in the previous period. The field of art which is based on the digital environment in the related process shows such problems as the weakening aspect of aesthetics caused by the excessive visual dependence in the execution process or in regard to the related result and the weakening of the traditional materials caused by the usage of specific ones. However, the programs related to the 3D simulation work have been developed, while various techniques have been studied. As such programs and techniques will be continuously used, it seems that various problems will be gradually solved. Furthermore, even if the 3D simulation is currently used mainly for the environmental sculpture, the range of usage for the 3D simulation will be expanded to other areas. As a result, it will be used effectively as a field of pure art. Now, regarding the domestic environmental sculpture, the role of the computer simulation has been expanded so much that it is impossible to execute the entire process from the designing stage to the executing stage without the help of the high-tech digital media and the computer simulation. It can be said that the domestic environmental sculpture is currently in the neo-techne period which is removing the border between art and science through computers. We should not forget that the usage of the 3D simulation not only plays the role of a simple tool but also influences the formative change of the entire environmental sculpture.