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비브리오 패혈증의 효과적인 치료약제에 대한 평가

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Author(s)
뉴페인 가네쉬
Issued Date
2010
Abstract
Vibrio vumlnifucus 에 의한 패혈증은 만성 간질환자나 면역저하자에서 해산물을 날로 섭취했을 때나 V. vulnificus가 포함되어 있는 해수에 노출 되었을 때 발생한다. 간질환을 가지고 있는 환자의 경우 V. vulnificus 패혈증의 사망률은 50%이상이므로 사망률 감소에 있어서 신속한 진단과 적절한 항생제투여가 필수적이다.

V. vulnificus는 증식에 철이 필요한 균이고, 패혈증 환자의 약75% 에서 혈청 철의 상승이 확인되었다. 세 가지 iron chelating 약인 deferoxamine, deferiprone, 과 deferasirox을 가지고 In vitro iron chelation 실험으로 행하였다. 경구 철 착화제인 deferiprone 과 deferasirox는 V. vulnificus의 성장을 감소시켰으나, deferoxamine 은 오히려 V. vulnificus 의 성장을 촉진시켰다. 과잉철 상태의 질환에서 철 착화제로 dereroxaime 보다는 deferiprone 과 deferasirox 의 사용이 적절하리라 사료된다.

병합요법은 급속도로 치명적인 질환의 사망률을 감소시키기 위해 자주 사용된다. Ciprofloxacin(CIP)와 deferasirox(DFS)를 혼합한 In vitro time-kill 연구에서 24시간에 박테리아 수를 2log10 CFU/mL 이상으로 감소하여 V. vulnificus에 걸리기 쉬운 환자들의 치료에서, 항균 요법의 새로운 접근을 제시함으로써 새로운 형식의 synergism을 보여주었다. 또한 V. vulnificus에 대한 ciprofloxacin(CIP) 과 tigecycline(TG)이 포함된 in vitro time-kill 실험에서는 24시간에 박테리아 수를 3log10 CFU/mL 이상으로 감소시킴으로써 synergism을 보였다.

In vivo 실험에서 철이 투여된 ICR 쥐들은 V. vulnificus 감염이 쉽게 되었고, LD50은 101 에서 100 CFUs까지 감소되었다. Kaplan-Meier 생존 곡선에서 CIP경우 48시간에서(p=0.0002) 30%의 높은 생존 비율로 단독요법에서 가장 효과적인 약임을 보여주었다. 그러나 병합요법에서 doxycycline(DX IP) plus ceftriaxone(CTR)의 경우 마우스의 생존율이 50%(P=<0.0001)를 보였다. CTR plus DX PO와 CIP plus CTR은 mice생존에 효과적이지 않았다. 균 접종후 12시간째 혈액을 이용한 qPCR 검사에서 죽은 마우스의 혈액내 DNA copies 수는 최소 104 copies/uL 이었으나, 생존한 마우스의 DNA copies 수는 102~103 copies/uL을 보였다. 그러므로 혈액 내에 존재하는 DNA는 mouse에서 질병의 심한 증세를 예견하는 지표로 이용가능하리라 사료된다.

결론적으로 수혈을 받고 있거나 지중해 빈혈을 가지고 있는 환자처럼 V. vulnificus에 걸리기 쉬운 혈중 철농도가 높은 환자의 경우 DFS or DFP를 이용하여 착화요법을 하는것이 바람직하며, DX IV이 없는 경우, V. vulnificus 감염의 사망률을 줄이기 위해서는 DX PO보다 CIP을 투여하는것이 생존률 향상에 도움이 되리라 사료된다.|Background. Vibrio vulnificus is an emerging opportunistic human pathogen that can be life-threatening, particularly in patients with chronic diseases or compromised immune systems. V. vulnificus infection generally occurs following consumption of contaminated, raw seafood or through open wounds immersed in waters containing a high density of V. vulnificus. The mortality rate is greater than 50% in patients with liver diseases, and it may be further increased (67%) in patients who develop septicemia. V. vulnificus is ferrophilic organism, and almost 75% of infections progressing to septicemia are associated with iron overload. Hence, rapid diagnosis and administration of appropriate antibiotics are essential for reducing the mortality associated with this pathogen.

Methods. In vitro iron chelation experiments were performed to compare the efficacy of three different iron chelating drugs, deferiprone (DFP), deferasirox (DFS), and deferoxamine (DFO), to inhibit growth and reduce virulence of V. vulnificus organisms. In vitro time-kill studies were compared using either the bactericidal antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) in combination with DFS or a combination of CIP and tigecycline (TG), a new glycylcycline class of antibiotic. In vivo mouse studies were performed to determine the efficacy of highly used antibiotics against V. vulnificus as assessed with a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Following infection, qPCR was performed to measure the bacterial loads in surviving and nonsurviving mice.

Results. In vitro iron chelation experiments demonstrated that the oral drugs DFP and DFS reduced the growth of V. vulnificus, which suggests that these drugs might be effective inhibitors of ferrophilic pathogens. In vitro time-kill studies using a combination of CIP and DFS or CIP and TG exhibited synergistic effects, reducing bacterial counts by ≥2log10 CFU/mL at 24 hr. The synergistic effects of CIP combined with DFS were novel and suggest a new antimicrobial treatment for V. vulnificus infected iron overloaded patients. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve suggested that, CIP was an effective monotherapeutic drug associated with a survival rate of 30% at 48 hr (P = 0.0002). However, a single dose of intraperitoneal doxycycline (DX) combined with ceftriaxone (CTR) improved the survival of mice by 50 (P = <0.0001). Neither CTR combined with oral DX nor CIP combined with CTR were effective in terms of mouse survival. As measured by qPCR, the number of DNA copies in blood of single-dose antibiotic-treated nonsurviving mice at 12 hr were ≥ 104 copies/µL in contrast to 102 – 103 copies/µL in survival mice.

Conclusions. DFS or DFP are more effective therapies for V. vulnificus-susceptible, iron-overloaded patients receiving regular blood transfusions or with thalassemia. In unavailable condition of intravenous DX, CIP alone might be superior to DX p.o. for lowering the mortality of V. vulnificus infection. Furthermore, qPCR can accurately quantify changes in circulating bacterial counts and help clinicians predict disease severity and guide an aggressive treatment plan, if needed.
Alternative Title
Evaluation of chemotherapeutic combinations against Vibrio vulnificus infection
Alternative Author(s)
Ganesh Prasad Neupane
Affiliation
조선선대학교 일반대학원
Department
일반대학원 의학과
Advisor
김동민
Awarded Date
2010-08
Table Of Contents
List of Figure........................................................................................
List of Table.........................................................................................
Acronyms......................................................................................... ......
ABSTRACT............................................................................................

1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………
1.2 Role of iron and other virulence factors for pathogenesis …………
1.3 Iron overload and chelation therapy………………………………………
1.4 Antibiotic treatment …………………………………………………………
1.5 Study objectives ………………………………………………………………

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Vibrio vulnificus strains used in the study..........................................
2.2 Media and reagents..............................................................................
2.3. In vitro iron chelation experiment.......................................................
2.3.1. Determination of the minimal concentration of α,αdipyridyl necessary to inhibit the bacterial growth.................................
2.3.2. Evaluation of the iron chelation capacity of deferiprone and deferasirox...................................................................................
2.3.3 Kinetics of growth of V. vulnificus ATCC 27562 in the presence of deferiprone, deferasirox, and deferoxamine........
2.3.4 Growth of various strains of V. vulnificus around filter paper discs absorbed into deferiprone, deferasirox and deferoxamine...............................................................................
2.4. Time kill assays...................................................................................
2.4.1 Minimal inhibitory concentrations...............................................
2.4.2 In vitro time-kill evaluation with ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with iron chelator deferasirox...............................
2.4.3 In vitro time-kill evaluation with chemotherapeutic combination; ciprofloxacin plus tigecycline...............................
2.5. In vivo mouse model infection.............................................................
2.5.1 Animal, bacteria and reagents....................................................
2.5.2 LD50 experiments........................................................................
2.5.3 Animal experiments....................................................................
2.5.4 Quantitative real time PCR.........................................................
2.5.5 Determination of viable V. vulnificus cells in real time PCR using ethidium bromide monoazaide(EMA) ..............................
2.6 Statistical analysis................................................................................

3. RESULTS 20
3.1. In vitro efficacy of iron chelators deferiprone, deferasirox and deferoxamine on the growth and virulence of V. vulnificus infection................................................................................................ 20
3.1.1. MICs of α,αdipyridyl necessary to inhibit the growth of V. vulnificus………………………………………………………………
20
3.1.2 Antibacterial activity of deferiprone, deferasirox and deferoxamine ………………………………………………………… 22
3.1.3 Kinetics of V. vulnificus in the presence of iron chelators 25
3.1.4 Effects of deferiprone, deferasirox and deferoxamine on various strains of V. vulnificus on iron poor agar plates…… 25
3.2 In vitro time kill activity of ciprofloxacin plus deferasirox……… 29
3.2.1 Minimal inhibitory concentrations............................................... 29
3.2.2 Time-kill study ……………………………………………………… 29
3.2.3 In vitro time kill studies with ciprofloxacin and tigecycline… 34
3.3 In vivo mouse model infection…………………………………………… 36
3.3.1 Selection of clinical strain and LD50 study……………………… 36
3.3.2 Monotherapy with ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, tigecycline or doxycycline Per Os versus intraperitoneal…………………… 36
3.3.3 Doxycycline Per Os versus doxycycline intraperitoneal and ciprofloxacin…………………………………………………………… 37
3.3.4 Combination therapy with ceftriaxone plus doxycycline p.o., ceftriaxone plus doxycycline i.p., ciprofloxacin plus doxycycline i.p., ciprofloxacin plus tigecycline and ciprofloxacin plus ceftriaxone……………………………………… 40
3.3.5 Quantitative PCR assay for V. vulnificus detection and mortality ……………………………………………………………… 43
3.3.6 Quantitative PCR assay and determination of viable for V. vulnificus cells………………………………………………………… 47

4. DISCUSSION 48

5. CONCLUSIONS 57

6. REFERENCES 58
Acknowledgements 66
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 일반대학원
Citation
뉴페인 가네쉬. (2010). 비브리오 패혈증의 효과적인 치료약제에 대한 평가.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/8738
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000240184
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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