한국의 정치발전과정에서 발생한 정치폭력에 관한 연구:1948～1997

Abstract

A problem of political violence is thought of as one of continuous topics in the contemporary history of Korea. In particular, recently issues of 'confronting to the past' have been actively discussed. Regarding this, a priority concern is a variety forms of violence committed by a state. Since the Liberation, the political development of Korean society has been connected with the process of introducing and taking root a political system of democracy created in the West. In Korean society, a conflict of pressure with resistance tends to be extremely violent. Similarly, the changes in political area have been made radically through regulation rather than flexibly or gradually and a variety of violence was made in the course. The main purpose of this study was to analyze detailed aspects of sacrifices caused by the interaction of political violence. This study attempted analysis with its focus on the following matters. First, with regard to the attributes of state authority, under what conditions, did political violence occur? Second, what meaning do sacrifices by political violence have and how did their detailed types appear? Third, how has resistance to authoritative governance advanced according to periods? Finally, what changes does political violence have by periods and how different are they? In Korean society, the sacrifice types by political violence have differently appeared depending on the direct and indirect intervention of state authority. The sacrifices by direct coercion can be classified into ①political killing, ②judicial killing, ③judicial punishment, and ④politically suspicious death. The sacrifices by indirect coercion can be also classified into ①political suicide, ②private violence, and ③political terror. Quantitative approach was used to analyze above topics through literature and materials review. Political and related sacrifices were statistically measured as much as possible and violence and sacrifices were embodied and materialized using cases. This study consists of a total of seven chapters. Chapter 1 addressed the need of researches on political violence and its sacrifices inherent in political development, breaking with previous researches on the fulfillment of democracy through review of the direction of political violence researches, and political development researches. In particular, Section 2 analyzed the correlation of violence and sacrifices through the concept of political violence. That is, it is the analysis of history validation that political violence and sacrifices could help but occur. With regard to political violence, liberal and Marxian points of view were compared. The comparison suggest that mandatory governance exists as the nature of a state, that when the violence is not agreed and legitimacy is lost, resistance violence inevitably occurs, and that finally it produces sacrifices. Also, the meaning of sacrifices used in this study was described. Chapter 2 presented the analyzed political development and analyzed how political development appeared in Korea in aspects of political institutions and political economics. Section 1 presented the views of political development researches of Korea. Section 2 classified the process of Korea's political development into the accommodation and development of liberal democracy system and the dissolution of authoritative governments. Based on this, the correlation of political development and political violence in Korean society was suggested. Chapter 3 presented the reasons of political violence and sacrifices. The reasons of political violence focused on harmful aspects of violence, that is, the violence and sacrifices by a state authority. They were divided according to political ideology and social and economic aspects. In this way, the political ideology of the ruling power, the violence by security agency carrying out this political ideology, mechanism of law, and the silence of the press and society was established as main factors. Chapter 4 analyzed the aspects by periods of political sacrifices. This chapter addressed political violence according to the behaviors of authoritative governments with its focus on sacrifices. This study examined how political violence and resistance interacted in the whole flow of Korean contemporary history and the process of Korean contemporary history from the Liberation to a civilian government, and how political violence appeared in the course. Periods were classified into the Rhee Syngman administration, the Park Chunghee administration, the Chun Doohwan and Roh Taewoo administrations, and Kim Youngsan administration according to the characteristics of authoritative governments. Then the characteristics of each period, the social flow why political violence occurred, and the aspects of sacrifices were examined. Chapter 5 analyzed the types of political violence. This chapter mainly focused on the behavioral types of political violence. To conduct a behavioral analysis, materials of related committees and groups were reviewed. Types of the total sacrifices were divided into the dead and the restrained and their statistical figures were summed. Based on this analysis, Section 1 examined each types by dividing intos political killing, politically suspicious death, judicial killing and judicial punishment. Section 2 segmented each area. Finally, Chapter 6 presented the present tasks to assess political sacrifices justly. The need to clearly disclosing the truth and proper punishment was suggested with its focus on confronting to the past currently in progress. This chapter analyzed the multiple processes of confronting to the past developed when Korean society was shifted to a democracy system and presented the tasks of reassessment of political violence and its sacrifices. This study has limitations of the poor statistical compilation of political violence because of the difficult access to and collection of political violence by a state authority. This study may be criticized that it only listed commonplace results through quantitative research by visual materials. Nevertheless, the rough measurement of sacrifices in Korean society may have advantage that the detailed degree of sacrifices by a state authority and the true nature of authoritative governments can be briefly and clearly revealed through statistical indicators. In this respect, this study will contribute to making the record of political violence and its sacrifices simpler and clearer. Although this study described objective and externalized cases, it may contribute to gather scattered statistical data by related groups.