御製內訓의 語彙論과 形態論

Abstract

This study is to examine lexicon of < EojeNaehun > lexicologically and morphologically to identify characteristics of lexicon and how to form words and expand understanding of language facts published in modern Korean language period. Chapter 2 examines measurement, systems and aspects of lexicon in respect of lexicological characteristics. Article 1 searches frequency of lexicon appeared in < EojeNaehun >and identifies the most frequently found words in respect of lexicon measurement. As a result of frequency search, it was found that gross lexicon was 15,505 and individual lexicon was 3,612. For distribution aspects in accordance with frequency, the most frequent found words are categorized into 0.3 % of individual words and 11.4 % of gross words. The lesser frequently-found words which were used less than five times are categorized into 87 % of individual words and 34.4 % of gross words. As a result of examining 50 most- frequently- found words, they include 14 verbs, 6 adjectives, 13 nouns, 9 adverbs, 8 others. The most- frequently-found words generally consist of commanding words, which supports most of them are engaged in education. Article 2 classifies lexicon according to kinds, parts of speech, and meanings to identify their aspects. This study categorizes distribution of word kinds into native tongue, chinese tongue and hybrid tongue. The native tongue contains 45.3 % of individual words and 68.2 of gross words. The Chinese words contains 36.3 % of individual words and 20. 3% of gross words. The hybrid tongue consists of 18.4 % of individual words and 11. 5% of gross words. The aspect of distribution is examined as follows: 5,680 nouns (36.6 %), 5, 196 verbs (33.5 %), 2,164 adverbs (14.0 %), 1,608 adjectives (10.4 %), 465 pre-nouns (3.0 %), 348 pronouns (2.2 %), 42 rhetorics (0.3%), and 3 exclamations (0.0%) were found. According to meanings of words, their standards are categorized into 8 as follows: words on people, those on food, clothing and housing, those on nature, those on education, those on music, those on movements, those on conditions, and those on colors. Of them, dead language and court language that are not used in contemporary language, and the words whose meaning are changed are valuable for identification of history at that time and bibliographical nature of modern Korean language. Article 3 speculates aspects of lexicon variation which are classified into topological variation and pragmatic variation. In respect to topological variation, this study examines court language. Most of the court language appearing in < EojeNaehun >are secret language that are not known to the public and at the same time words to show the highest respect. It confirms that lexicon was strictly classified according to class and regions in modern language period. In respect to pragmatic variation, this study examines idioms, respectful language, disrespectful language and euphemistical language. Idioms and proverbs in appearing as phrases include variated forms of lexicon appealing great moral principle, humanity and justice, speech and behavior to be followed by women, filial piety and simplicity. They were used to focus on a function of education. When respectful words and disrespectful words of < EojeNaehun >are examined, more respectful words appear than disrespectful words. Respectful language were used to provide direct education and disrespectful language were used to emphasize contrasting techniques for education and acts not to do for women. Euphemistical words were just no more than five. It means that indicative mood was more frequently used for education of women because bibliographical data are instructive. Article 3 speculates compound words appearing in < EojeNaehun >which is used as main bibliographical data. They are categorized into nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and idioms. This study identifies aspects of their synthesis and derivation and characteristics. The compound words discussed here are examined in terms of difference between the middle age language and modern language through comparison with modern language as follows: 1. This study find that word formation of < EojeNaehun > shows difference in orthography from the middle ages through modern period, and aspect of word formation in < EojeNaehun >is closer to that of contemporary language. 2. Through compounding in < EojeNaehun >, it is confirmed that what were considered as synthetic words in the middle ages or modern ages are used as noun phrases nowadays and vice versa. What were used as compound words or derivative words in the middle ages or modern ages are generally fossilized as single words in contemporary ages. It is believed that word formation of contemporary ages are a result of diachronism and it is developing as more regulative. 3. In respect to noun compounding, " Siott " was intervened in the middle ages, but in < EojeNaehun >, it was omitted which is maintained in contemporary language. It is an external evidence that they are fossilized as compound words. 4. While synchronized compounding of "verb + verb" in < EojeNaehun > is more productive than unsynchronized compounding, unsynchronized compounding prevailed in middle age language. For contemporary language, synchronized composition is general and unsynchronized composition is very limited, which is a result of fossilization of middle age language or modern language. 5. < EojeNaehun > shows active suffixes such as '-ri-', ' -oui/wei-', '-ho/hoo-' and passive suffix such as ' -ri-' that were not found in the middle ages while active suffixes such as ' -euky/ekyo-', and stress suffixes such as '-itt-. -pze-' were not found. Passive suffixes show the same distribution as those of current language, but active suffixes such as '-a-/eui-, -wei/wui-, -ho/hoo-' and stress suffixes were added. So derivation of modern language verb was more varied. 6. '-a-/eui-' that derivate adjectives that were not found in the middle ages appear in < EojeNaehun > and a suffix such as '-serup-' that appeared from the middle ages to current ages was not found. 7. Adverb derivative suffixes such as '-ee/hi-' were confusingly used in mass through adverb derivation of < EojeNaehun > in the period of the same lexicon or the same kind lexicon. In the middle age language, adverb derivative suffixes such as '-oh/woo-' were productively used and its productivity decreased in the modern language, which is well reflected in < EojeNaehun >. It is general that suffixes have natures of status postposition or ending, which were rarely found in current language. 8. Through comparison of the types of derivation appearing in < EojeNaehun >with types of parts of speech of derivation of modern language, it was found that prefix derivation was very limited. Of the suffix derivations, types of verb derivation, adjective derivation and adverb derivation are so varied so that no significant difference with lists of derivations in modern language was found. Here, the fact that types of adverb derivation were more varied than those of modern language is worthy of attention. This is because connective adverbs and adverbs whose period and suffixes can not be analysed easily were not excluded. In addition, they are varied and highly productive as they are directly related to many kinds of derivative adverbs because of educational characteristics of bibliographical data. The types of noun derivation show difference from those of modern language because most of the nouns in < EojeNaehun > were single words and proper nouns.