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A Study on the Tungsten Oxide Based Memristive Devices for Resistive Switching and Artificial Synapse Applications

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Author(s)
김사라
Issued Date
2023
Abstract
The aim of this thesis is to investigate the switching behavior and synaptic functions of WOx memristors. The first part of the study involves the preparation of WOx thin films using a single WO3 target, with varying O2 flow rates of 0, 3, 5, 10, and 30 sccm, while keeping the sputtering power constant. The stoichiometry and properties of the WOx thin films were thoroughly analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and an optimal condition for achieving the desired stoichiometry for memristor application was determined. Additionally, a parallel study was conducted to investigate the effects of annealing conditions on stoichiometry variations throughout the depth of the WOx thin film, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile analysis. Various characterization techniques such as Hall effect, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were employed to further examine the properties of the WOx thin films. The results indicated that the variation in stoichiometry over the depth of the WOx thin film increased with longer annealing times. When the introduction of an O2 flow takes place in conjunction with N2 gas, an improvement in the stoichiometry near the surface and in the immediate vicinity is observed; however, this did not translate to improved stoichiometry throughout the depth of the WOx thin film. In the second part of the study, memristor devices were fabricated using an Ag/WOx/ITO structure. After the WOx layer was deposited on the ITO substrate, the WOx thin films were annealed under previously studied conditions, and then Ag electrodes were deposited on top of the annealed WOx thin films. Hysteresis, which serves as a characteristic fingerprint of memristor devices, was only observed in the as-deposited sample, while all other devices exhibited rectifying behavior exclusively. The ohmic and Schottky contacts at each interface between the electrodes and the WOx thin films were thoroughly investigated. Finally, the synaptic behavior of the devices was analyzed, revealing distinct forgetting and remembering characteristics. This thesis provides insight into the switching behavior and synaptic function of WOx memristors and demonstrates the importance of understanding the properties and behavior of the memristors for potential applications in future neuromorphic computing systems.|본 논문은 WOx 멤리스터의 스위칭 동작과 시냅스 기능에 대한 연구에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 연구의 첫 번째 부분은 스퍼터링 파워를 일정하게 유지하면서 0, 3, 5, 10, 30 sccm 등 다양한 산소 유량에서 WO3 단일 타겟을 사용하여 WOx 박막을 제작하는 것이다. 박막의 화학량론은 EDS(energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 또한 스퍼터링 파워와 산소 유량을 고정하여 WOx 박막을 제작하고, 어닐링 조건이 WOx 박막의 화학량론에 미치는 영향을 X-선광전자분광법(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) 깊이프로파일(depth profile) 분석을 통한 연구도 병행하였다. WOx 박막의 특성은 홀 효과(Hall effect), X-선회절(X-Ray diffraction, XRD), 원자힘현미경(atomic force microscope, AFM), 전계방출주사전자현미경(field-emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM) 등과 같은 다양한 분석법을 사용하여 면밀하게 연구하였다. 결과적으로 어닐링 시간이 길어질수록 WOx 박막의 깊이에 따른 화학량론의 변화가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 어닐링 중에 질소(N2)가스와 함께 산소(O2) 가스를 도입하면 표면 및 표면 근처에서 화학량론이 개선되었지만, 이것이 WOx 박막의 깊이 전체에 걸쳐 화학량론이 개선된 것으로 해석되지는 않았다. 본 논문의 두 번째 부분에서는 멤리스터 소자를 Ag/WOx/ITO 구조로 제작하였고, 선행연구에서 확보한 다양한 조건에서의 WOx 박막을 어닐링하고, 어닐링된 WOx 박막 위에 Ag 전극을 증착하였다. 멤리스터 소자의 주요한 특징인 히스테리시스 특성은 증착직후(as-deposited) 시료에서만 관찰되었고, 다른 모든 열처리후 소자는 정류 동작만 나타났다. 전극과 WOx 박막 사이의 각 계면에서의 오믹 및 쇼트키 접촉을 조사하였다. 마지막으로 소자의 시냅스 거동을 연구하여 망각(forgetting) 및 기억(remembering) 특성을 확보하였다. 본 논문은 WOx 멤리스터의 스위칭 동작과 시냅스 기능에 대한 통찰력을 제공하며, 미래 뉴로모픽 컴퓨팅 시스템에서의 잠재적 응용을 위해 이러한 소자의 특성과 동작을 이해하는 것의 중요성을 제시한다.
Alternative Title
저항 스위칭 및 인공 시냅스 응용을 위한 텅스텐 산화물 기반 멤리스터 소자에 관한 연구
Alternative Author(s)
Sara Kim
Affiliation
조선대학교 일반대학원
Department
일반대학원 전기공학과
Advisor
김남훈
Awarded Date
2023-08
Table Of Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives and Dissertation Outline 5

2. Theoretical Background 9
2.1 Memristor 9
2.1.1 What is Memristor 9
2.1.2 Solid State Memristor 13
2.1.3 Operation Principles of Memristor 14
a. Filamentary Switching 18
b. Interfacial Switching 20
2.1.4 Conduction Mechanism in Memristors 22
a. Electrochemical Metallization Memory 22
b. Valence Change Memory 24
2.1.5 Switching Behavior in Memristors: Unipolar and Bipolar 26
a. Unipolar Mode 27
b. Bipolar Mode 27
2.1.6 Memristor Materials 28
2.1.7 Electrode Selection 31
2.1.8 Memristor as Synapse 34
2.1.9 Transition Metal Oxides for Memristors 37
2.1.10 Tungsten Oxide-Based Memristors 41
a. Band Diagram in Tungsten Oxide 44
b. Stoichiometry and Energy Bands 46
c. Electrode Selection for WOx Memeristor 48

3. Experimental Methods 51
3.1 Thin Film Preparation 51
3.2 Thin Film Characterization 54
3.3 Device Fabrication 56
3.4 Device Characterization 57
3.5 Software Design and Measurements 58

4. Results and Discussion 67
4.1 Thin Film Properties 67
4.1.1 Magnetron Sputtering Deposition of Tungsten Oxide by Varying Oxygen Flow 67
a. Morphology Analysis of Thin Film by SEM 67
b. Structural Characteristics of Thin Film by XRD 73
4.1.2 RTA of Deposited Tungsten Oxide Films 74
a. Morphology Analysis of Thin Film by SEM 74
b. Structural Characteristics of Thin Film by XRD 78
c. Morphological Analysis of Thin Film by AFM 80
d. Chemical Composition of Thin Film by XPS 82
e. Electrical Properties of Thin Film by Hall Effect Measurement System 97
4.2 Device Performance 100
4.2.1 Topography of the Device by SEM 100
4.2.2 Switching Characteristic/ I-V Sweeping Performance 102
4.2.3 Endurance Characteristics 114
4.2.4 Retention Characteristics 117
4.3 Synaptic Performance of WOx Memristors 120
4.3.1 Characterization Using Pulse Waveform 120
4.3.2 The Synaptic Switching Behaviors 123
4.3.3 Remembering and Forgetting in WOx Based Memristor 125

5. Conclusion 130

References 132
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
김사라. (2023). A Study on the Tungsten Oxide Based Memristive Devices for Resistive Switching and Artificial Synapse Applications.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/17764
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000693038
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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