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A mechanism study on the regulation of neurodegenerative disease using the Lycopus maackianus extracts, compounds isolated from Lindera erythrocarpa, and ramalin-synthetic derivative compounds

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Author(s)
유지명
Issued Date
2023
Abstract
최근 고령화가 심화되면서 신경 퇴행성 질환에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 신경 퇴행성 질환의 원인은 매우 다양하며, 신경 염증도 그 중 하나이다. 지속적인 신경염증은 중추신경계의 기능이상을 초래할 뿐만 아니라 일부 뉴런의 파괴도 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 신경염증의 치료 및 예방할 수 있는 약물을 개발하는 것은 신경퇴행성질병을 치료하는 중요한 방법 중 하나이다.
천연물을 이용한 신경 퇴행성 약물의 개발은 최근 활발하게 연구되고 있는 분야이다. 따라서 본 연구에서 BV2 미세아교세포와 HT22 해마세포를 사용하여 in vitro 신경 퇴행성 모델을 구축하였고, 이를 이용하여 애기쉽싸리(Lycopus maackianu) 추출물, 비목나무(Lindera erythrocarpa) 유래 화합물, 그리고 천연 유래 ramalin 합성 유도체 화합물 30종의 신경 퇴행성 모델에서의 효과를 확인하였다. 애기쉽싸리는 동아시아에 분포하는 다년생 초본식물로 꿀풀과에 속한다. 애기쉽싸리 메탄올 추출물로 신경 퇴행성 질환 조절 효과를 확인하였다. LC-MS 분석을 통해 애기쉽싸리 메탄올 추출물의 함유된 주요 화합물을 확인하였다. 먼저 in vitro 실험에 따르면 애기쉽싸리 추출물은 LPS가 유도하는 BV2 세포의 신경염증을 현저하게 개선할 뿐만 아니라 glutamate로 유도하는 HT22 세포의 사멸을 보호한다. In vivo 모델에서 애기쉽싸리 추출물은 zebrafish의 산화 스트레스 및 세포 사멸을 현저하게 감소시킵니다. 비목나무는 녹나무과의 식물로 한국, 일본, 중국에 분포하며 매운 향기가 강하게 나는 잎을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에는 비목나무에서 18 개의 화합물을 분리하였고, 그 중 linderone과 dihydropashanone이 BV2 및 HT22 세포에 대한 세포 보호 작용이 가장 우수하게 나타났다. Linderone과 dihydropashanone은 NF-κB와 Nrf2/HO-1 메커니즘을 통해 신경염증을 개선하고 신경세포 손상을 보호한다. 마지막으로 ramalin은 남극 지복에서 분리된 강력한 항산화제이지만 독성이 강해 합성이 어렵다는 단점이 있다. 이에 ramalin(RA) 합성 유도체 화합물 30종을 이용하여 신경퇴행성 질환을 조절하는 효과가 있는지 확인하였다. Ramalin(RA) 합성 유도체 화합물 30종 가운데 RA-10은 BV2 미세아교세포에서 신경염증을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 염증으로 인한 HT22 해마세포의 손상을 억제하는 가장 좋은 효과를 보였다.
결론적으로, 애기쉽싸리 추출물, 비목나무에서 분리된 화합물 linderone과 dihydropashanone 그리고 ramalin의 유도체 RA-10은 신경 퇴행성 질환을 예방 및 치료하는 잠재적인 의약 소재로 활용이 가능하나는 것을 시사한다.
|With the increasing aging of society, people are paying more and more attention to neurodegenerative diseases. Many factors are the causes of neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroinflammation is one of them. Persistent neuroinflammation not only causes disorder of central nervous system, but also leads to apoptosis of some functional neurons. So, finding drugs that can treat neuroinflammation is a popular strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

The development of natural products is one of the important pathways for the development of neurodegenerative drugs. In this study, we mainly established in vitro models using BV2 cells and HT22 cells, and tested the ability of natural product Lycopus maackianus methanol extract, natural product Lindera erythrocarpa isolated compound, and natural product compound ramalin derivative to protect nerves. L. maackianus is a perennial herbaceous plant distributed in East Asia, belonging to the Labiatae family. We studied its neuroprotective effect using the methanol extract of L. maackianus. LC-MS results showed the main compounds in the methanol extract of L. maackianus. In vitro experiments showed that the methanol extract of L. maackianus not only significantly improved LPS induced neuroinflammation in BV2 cells in vitro, it can also protect HT22 cell death induced by Glutamate. In vivo, L. maackianus methanol extract also significantly reduced oxidative stress and cell death in zebrafish. Lindera endothorocarpa is a plant growing to the Lauraceae family. We isolated 18 compounds from L. endothorocarpa, among which linderone and dihydropashanone have obvious cytoprotective effects on BV2 and HT22 cells. Later, the results showed that linderone and dihydropashanone can improve neuroinflammation and protect nerve cell vitality in vitro by regulating NF kappaB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. Ramalin is a strong antioxidant isolated from Antarctic lichens, but it has the disadvantage of being highly toxic and difficult to synthesize. We synthesized thirty derivatives of ramalin through laboratory pathways, among which RA-10 demonstrated the best neuroprotective effect, not only inhibiting inflammation in BV2 cells, but also inhibiting HT22 cell apoptosis caused by inflammation.
In summary, the results indicate that the methanol extract of L. maackianus, the separation of linderone and dihydropassanone from L. endothorocarpa, as well as the derivative RA-10 of RA, may become potential drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Alternative Title
애기쉽싸리 추출물, 비목나무 유래 화합물 및 ramalin 합성유도체 화합물을 이용한 퇴행성뇌질환 조절 기전 연구
Alternative Author(s)
Liu Zhiming
Affiliation
조선대학교 일반대학원
Department
일반대학원 약학과
Advisor
이동성
Awarded Date
2023-08
Table Of Contents
Chapter 1. General Information 1
Ⅰ. Lycopus maackianus 2
Ⅱ. Lindera erythrocarpa 4
Ⅲ. Ramalin isolated from the Antarctic lichen (Ramalina terebrata) 6
Chapter 2. Lycopus maackianus Makino MeOH Extract Exhibits Antioxidant and Anti Neuroinflammatory Effects in vitro and in vivo 7
Ⅰ. Introduction 8
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 11
1. Preparation of extract from L. maackianus 11
2. Materials 11
3. Metabolite profiling analysis using 11
4. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity 12
5. 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity 13
6. Cell culture and viability assay 13
7. Determination of nitrite levels 14
8. Determination of PGE2 levels 14
9. Determination of IL-6 and TNF-α levels 14
10. Western blot analysis 15
11. Preparation of cytosolic and nuclear fractions 15
12. NF-κB localization and immunofluorescence 15
13. Origin and maintenance of parent zebrafish 15
14. Determination of ROS levels in HT22 cells 16
15. LPS and H2O2 treatment of zebrafish embryos 16
16. Cell death measurement and image analysis in zebrafish embryos 17
17. Determination of PGE2 levels 17
18. Determination of NO levels and image analysis in zebrafish embryos 17
19. Statistical analyses 17
Ⅲ. Results 19
1. UHPLC-TOF-HRMS analysis of L. maackianus MeOH extract 19
2. Effect of L. maackianus extract on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity 21
3. Effects of L. maackianus extract on the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in LPS-induced BV2 cells 23
4. Effects of L. maackianus extract on NF-κB activation in LPS-induced BV2 cells 26
5. Effects of L. maackianus extract on glutamate-induced HT22 cells 28
6. Effects of L. maackianus extract on HO-1 expression and Nrf2 nuclear translocation 30
7. Antioxidant effect of L. maackianus extract in zebrafish model stimulated with H2O2 33
8. Anti-inflammatory effect of L. maackianus extract in zebrafish model stimulated with LPS 36

Chapter 3. Linderone and Dihydropashanone isolated from Lindera erythrocarpa plays Neuroprotective Effects via the Regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 Pathway in BV2 and HT22 Cells 47
Ⅰ. Introduction 48
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 50
1. Materials 50
2. Extraction and isolation 50
3. Cell culture and cell viability assays 53
4. Nitrite assays 53
5. PGE2 assay 53
6. Assays for IL-6 and TNF-α 53
7. Western blotting analysis 53
8. p65 Localization 54
9. Determination of ROS levels in HT22 cells 54
10. Statistical analysis 54
Ⅲ. Results 55
1. Structural Elucidation of Isolated Compounds 55
2. Effects of compounds isolated from L. erythrocarpa on cell viability 62
3. Effects of isolated compounds from of L. erythrocarpa on the BV2, RAW264.7 and HT22 Cells 66
4. Effects of compound 7 and 13 on the cell viability of BV2 and HT22 Cells 70
5. Effects of linderone and dihydropashanone on inflammatory factors in BV2 cells 72
6. Effects of linderone and dihydropashanone on NF-κB activation in BV2 cells 75
7. Effects of linderone and dihydropashanone on glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells 77
8. Effects of linderone and dihydropashanone on Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in HT22 and BV2 cells 79
Ⅳ. Discussion 83
Ⅴ. Conclusion 86
Chapter 4. Ramalin-synthetic derivative compounds play Neuroprotective Effects in BV2 and HT22 Cells 87
Ⅰ. Introduction 88
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 90
1. Chemicals and reagents 90
2. Cell culture and cytotoxicity assay 90
3. Nitrite assay 90
4. Inflammatory factors assays 91
5. Western blot analysis 91
6. NF-κB (p65) immunofluorescence 92
7. BV2-HT22 cell co-culture 92
8. Terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay 92
9. Terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay 93
10. Statistical analysis 93
Ⅲ. Results 94
1. The structure of RA derivatives 94
2. Inhibitory effect of RA derivatives on nitrite production 96
4. Protective effect of RA derivatives on HT22 cell death 105
5. Effects of RA-10 on inflammation in BV2 cell 114
6. Effects of RA-10 on NF-kappa B activation in BV2 cell 117
7. Effects of RA-10 on HT22 cell co-cultured with BV2 cell 119
8. The effect of NF-κB activation in HT22 apoptosis induced by neuro-inflammation 125
Ⅳ. Discussion 127
Ⅴ. Conclusion 131

References 132
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
유지명. (2023). A mechanism study on the regulation of neurodegenerative disease using the Lycopus maackianus extracts, compounds isolated from Lindera erythrocarpa, and ramalin-synthetic derivative compounds.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/17763
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000691387
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General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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