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A mechanism study on the regulation of inflammatory skin disease using the Colla corii asini extracts, compounds isolated from Digitalis purpurea and ramalin-synthetic derivative compounds

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Author(s)
동임사
Issued Date
2023
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases, affecting one fifth of children and one tenth of adults worldwide. AD is usually accompanied by intense itching and eczema like lesions. Emotional stress, humidity, sweating, and exposure to allergens are all factors that can exacerbate itching. These symptoms seriously affect the daily life of patients, reduce the quality of life, and sometimes lead to emotional depression and anxiety in patients. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, including congenital genetic factors, immune system disorders, skin barrier damage. As a long-term skin inflammation, Excessive type 2 inflammation is the basis of the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Th2 axis has a special role in the pathogenesis of AD, releasing a variety of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines and initiating various immune regulatory pathways, leading to a pruritus scratch inflammation cycle, with neuro-immune significance. Keratinocytes are the most representative cell types in the human epidermis, actively participating in physical/chemical barriers and immune shielding. Atopic dermatitis causes the epidermal barrier to become compromised, allowing allergens and pathogens to enter and cause keratinocyte activation. Activated keratinocytes are involved in a number of biological procedures that contribute to the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis in autoimmune illnesses of the skin. The initial line of therapy for AD is frequently topical corticosteroids. The use of standard topical medications for a prolonged period of time, however, might result in side effects and relapse, creating treatment difficulties for AD.
Natural products have now been widely used to treat chronic diseases, because it has the characteristics of high safety, diverse targets of action, and few side effects. In this study, I investigated the effects of water extracts from Colla corii asini (Donkey Hide Gelatin, DHG), compounds isolated from Digitalis purpurea L., and synthetic compounds based on naturally isolated ramalin on skin inflammation. DHG is commonly used as a precious medicinal material to nourish blood and enhance immunity. The effect on skin inflammation has not been widely studied yet. In this study, I aimed to assess the inhibitory effects of DHG water extract on keratinocytes treated with tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α/interferon (IFN)-γ and on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. The results show that DHG can significantly improve the symptoms of DNCB induced atopic dermatitis in mice, In vitro experiments of HaCaT cell, DHG significantly suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory and chemokines. The mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of DHG may be through MAPK-p38 and ERK and NF-κB signaling pathway. Digitalis purpura L is the main source of cardiac glycosides and is widely used in the treatment of heart diseases and cancer. In this study, I conducted a study on the inhibitory effect of eight compounds isolated from Digitalis purpurea L. to skin inflammation, and identified desrhamnosyl acteoside as having inhibitory effect to skin inflammation, which can significantly inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, may regulate the NF-κB, JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling pathways to exert these effects. In the last part, I investigated the effects of 30 ramalin-synthetics derivative compounds on TNF-α/IFN-γ induced keratinocytes. The ramalin compound itself has good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, but its application is limited due to its strong cytotoxicity, 30 compounds were optimized and synthesized using ramalin as the basic structure. After preliminary screening of IL-6 and IL-8, three compounds RA-16, 24, and 30 were found to have good inhibitory effect, and their anti-inflammatory mechanisms were studied, and it was found that RA-30 has regulatory effects on both JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathway. In a word, DHG extract, desrhamnosyl acteoside isolated from Digitalis purpurea L., and ramalin-synthetics derivative compounds-number 30, both have a certain inhibitory and improving effect on skin inflammation. This study demonstrates their potential as medicinal materials for treating skin inflammation related disease or developing functional cosmetics.|아토피피부염(AD)은 가장 흔한 만성 염증성 질환 중 하나로 전 세계 어린이의 5분의 1과 성인의 10분의 1이 질병을 가지고 있다. AD는 보통 심한 가려움증과 습진 같은 병변을 동반한다. 정서적 스트레스, 습기, 땀, 알레르기 노출은 AD의 가려움을 악화시키는 요인이다. 이러한 증상은 환자의 일상생활에 심각한 영향을 미치고 삶의 질을 떨어뜨리며 때로는 환자의 정서적 우울증과 불안을 초래하기도 한 다. AD의 발병 메커니즘은 선천성 유전적 요인, 면역 체계 장애, 피부 장벽 손상 등을 포함하여 복잡하다. 장기적인 피부 염증으로서 과도한 2형 염증은 아토피 병리 생리의 주요 메커니즘이다. Th2 면역은 AD의 발병 메커니즘에서 특수 작용을 하며, 다양한 염증과 염증 촉진 세포 인자를 방출하고, 각종 면역 조절 경로를 가동하여 가려움-염증 순환을 긁는 신경 면역의 의미를 가진다. 각질 형성 세포는 인간의 표피 중 가장 대표적인 세포 유형으로 물리/화학 장벽과 면역 차단에 적극적으로 관여한다. 아토피 피부염 중 손상된 표피 장벽은 잠재적 알레르기와 병원체의 침윤을 허용하여 각질 형성 세포를 활성화시킨다. 아토피성 피부염의 자가면역성 질환에서 활성화된 각질 형성 세포는 아토피성 피부염을 발병시키는 몇 가지 생물학적 과정에서 작용한다. 국소 코르티코스테로이드는 일반적으로 AD의 일선 치료에 사용된다. 그러나 일반적인 국소 약물을 장기간 사용하면 부작용과 재발을 초래해 AD의 치료에 도전을 줄 수 있다. 천연물은 안전성이 높고 작용표적이 다양하며 부작용이 적다는 특징을 갖고있어 현재 만성질병을 치료하는데 널리 사용되고있다. 이 연구에서는 아교(Colla corii asini, Donkey Hide Gelatin; DHG)의 물 추출물, 디기탈리스(Digitalis purpurea L.)에서 분리된 화합물, 천연 유래 라말린의 합성 화합물들이 피부 염증에 미치는 영향을 연구했다.
먼저, DHG는 일반적으로 혈을 생성하고 면역력을 강화하는 동물성 약재로 알려져 있다. 하지만 피부 염증에 미치는 영향은 아직 많이 연구되지 않았다. DHG 물 추출물이 DNCB가 유도하는 NC/Nga 생쥐 아토피 피부염과 종양괴사인자(TNF)-알파/인터페론(IFN)-감마로 처리된 각질 형성 세포에 대한 억제 작용을 평가하고 잠재적인 분자 메커니즘을 확인하였다. 그 결과 DHG는 DNCB가 유도하는 생쥐 아토피 피부염의 증상을 현저하게 개선할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. HaCaT 세포의 체외 실험에서 DHG는 염증 촉진 인자와 변형 인자 생성을 현저하게 억제했다. DHG의 피부염증 억제의 잠재적 메커니즘은 MAPK-p38, ERK 및 NF-κB 신호 통로를 조절하여 나타난 다는 것을 확인하였다. 디기탈리스(D. purpurea L.)는 강심배당체를 주요하게 함유하고 있으며, 주 성분들은 심장병과 암 치료의 의약품으로 사용되고 있다. 이 연구에서 디기탈리스에서 분리 된 8 가지 화합물의 피부 염증 억제 작용을 확인하였고 그 중에서 desrhamnosyl acteoside가 피부 염증 억제 작용을 가지고 있음을 확인했다. Desrhamnosyl acteoside는 염증 촉진 인자와 변형 인자의 생성을 현저하게 억제하는데 NF-κB, JAK/STAT 및 MAPK 기전을 조절하여 나타났다. 마지막으로 ramalin (RA) 합성 유도체 화합물 30종이 TNF-α/IFN-γ가 유도하는 사람각질 형성 세포에 미치는 영향을 연구했다. Ramalin 화합물 자체는 항염과 항산화 활성이 뛰어나지만 세포독성이 강해 활용이 제한된다. Ramalin을 기본 구조로 30개 화합물을 최적화해 합성했다. Ramalin 합성 유도체 화합물 30종을 이용하여 IL-6과 IL-8에 대한 스크리닝을 탐색하고 이 중 RA-16, 24, 30 세 가지 유도체 화합물이 IL-6과 IL-8 억제 작용이 우수함을 확인했다. RA-16, 24, 30의 피부염증 억제 메커니즘을 연구한 결과 RA-30이 JAK/STAT와 NF-κB 신호 통로에 모두 조절하는 것을 확인했다. 결론적으로, DHG 추출물, 디키탈리스에서 분리된 desrhamnosyl acteoside, Ramalin 합성 유도체 화합물 RA-30은 모두 피부 염증을 억제하고 개선하는 작용을 한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 소재들은 피부 염증 관련 질환을 치료하거나 기능성 화장품을 개발하는 천연 유래 소재로 활용 가능성이 있다는 것을 시사한다.
Alternative Title
아교 추출물, 디기탈리스 유래 화합물 및 ramalin 합성유도체 화합물을 이용한 염증성 피부질환 조절 기전 연구
Alternative Author(s)
DONG LINSHA
Affiliation
조선대학교 일반대학원
Department
일반대학원 약학과
Advisor
우은란
Awarded Date
2023-08
Table Of Contents
Chapter 1. General Information 1
Ⅰ. Colla corii asini 2
Ⅱ. Digitalis purpurea L. 4
Ⅲ. Atopic dermatitis 6
Ⅳ. HaCaT cell line 8

Chapter 2. Inhibitory effects of Colla corii asini (Donkey Hide Gelatin) on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice 9
Ⅰ. Introduction 10
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 12
1. Animals and intervention 12
2. Skin symptom evaluation of the induced atopic dermatitis 14
3. DHG sample preparation 14
4. Determination of total amino acid content of DHG 14
5. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis of ALN, spleen, and dorsal skin tissue 15
6. Cell culture and treatment 15
7. Detection of IL-6, IL-8, TARC and RANTES in TNF-α/IFN-γ induced HaCaT. 16
8. Western blot analysis 16
9. Isolation of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Fractions 16
10. Th1/Th2 cytokine expression in splenocytes 17
11. Quantitative real-time PCR in dorsal skin tissue 17
12. Measurement of the levels of IgE, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes 18
13. Histology analysis 18
14. Statistical analysis 18
Ⅲ. Results and Discussion 19
1. Total amino acid content of DHG 19
2. The effects of DHG in body weight and skin symptom evaluation score 20
3. The effects of DHG in ALN & spleen & dorsal skin tissue immune cell absolute number 22
4. The effects of DHG on the production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ) by cultured splenocytes 24
5. The effects of DHG on mRNA expression in dorsal skin tissue 26
6. The effects of DHG in cell frequency of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in PBMCs based on FACS analysis 28
7. The effects of DHG on serum IgE 30
8. Dorsal skin tissue examination and analysis 32
9. The effects of DHG on TNF-α/IFN-γ–induced production of pro-inflammatory and chemokines in HaCaT cells 35
10. The effects of DHG on TNF-α/IFN-γ–induced the expression of ICAM-1, COX-2 in HaCaT cells 37
11. The effects of DHG on barrier-related protein, filaggrin and involucrin in HaCaT cells 39
12. Effect of DHG on NF‐κB and MAPK signaling pathways in TNF‐α/IFN‐γ‐stimulated HaCaT cells 41
Ⅳ. Conclusion 44

Chapter 3. Anti-inflammatory activity of isolated compounds from Digitalis purpurea in TNF-α/IFN-γ induced HaCaT keratinocyte 45
Ⅰ. Introduction 46
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 49
1. Samples preparation 49
2. Cell culture 49
3. MTT assay 49
4. IL-6, IL-8, MDC and RANTES detection using cell culture supernatant 50
5. Extraction of protein sample 50
6. Western blot analysis 50
7. Immunofluorescence analysis 51
8. 3D-reconstructed human skin model 51
9. Other skin models in HaCaT and BJ-5ta cells 51
10. Statistical analysis 52
Ⅲ. Results and Discussion 53
1. Identification of eight isolated compounds from Digitalis purpurea L. 53
2. Initial screening using IL-6 and IL-8 in TNF-α/IFN-γ induced HaCaT cells 55
3. RANTES and MDC detection of Compounds 3, 4, 5, 6 57
4. The effects of Compounds 3, 4, 5, 6 on ICAM-1 in TNF-α/IFN-γ induced HaCaT cells 59
5. The effects of Compound 3 on COX-2 and Involucrin in TNF-α/IFN-γ induced HaCaT cells 61
6. The effects of Compound 3 on JAK/STAT signaling pathway 63
7. The effects of Compound 3 on NF-κB signaling pathway 65
8. The effects of Compound 3 on MAPK signaling pathway 67
9. The effects of Compound 3 on IL-8 and TARC in 3D-reconstructed human skin model 69
Ⅳ. Conclusion 73

Chapter 4. Anti-inflammatory activity of ramalin-synthetics derivative compounds in TNF-α/IFN-γ induced HaCaT keratinocyte 74
Ⅰ. Introduction 75
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 77
1. RA-30 samples and Cell culture reagents 77
2. MTT assay 77
3. IL-6, IL-8, MDC and RANTES detection using cell culture supernatant 77
4. Extraction of protein sample 78
5. Western blot analysis 78
6. Immunofluorescence analysis 78
7. 3D-reconstructed human skin model 79
8. Other skin models in HaCaT and BJ-5ta cells. 79
9. Statistical analysis 80
Ⅲ. Results and Discussion 81
1. Structure of 30 RA compounds 81
2. Screening of interleukin- 6 of 30 RA compounds 83
3. The effects of 11 selected RA Compounds on IL-8 secretion 85
4. MDC, RANTES and the expression of p-STAT1 and p-STAT3 of three selected RA-Compounds (16, 24, 30) 88
5. The effects of Compound RA-30 in JAK2/STAT1 signaling pathway 90
6. The effects of RA-30 in the expression of barrier related protein-Involucrin 93
7. The effects of NF- кB (p65) binding activity of RA 16, 24, 30 and the effects of RA-30 in NF- кB signaling pathway 95
8. The effects of Compound 30 on IL-8 and TARC in 3D-reconstructed human skin model 97
Ⅳ. Conclusion 101

References 102
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
동임사. (2023). A mechanism study on the regulation of inflammatory skin disease using the Colla corii asini extracts, compounds isolated from Digitalis purpurea and ramalin-synthetic derivative compounds.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/17762
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000691176
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General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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