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Effects of CXCL5 secreted from vascular endothelial cells by transcription factor Etv2 on smooth muscle cells

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Author(s)
추병삼
Issued Date
2021
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a disease that occurs in the heart and arteries and includes high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis , and stroke [1]. In particular, atherosclerosis is one of the diseases with high mortality and prevalence and it is so fatal and dangerous.
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which blood vessels are blocked due to the occurrence of plaque [2], and is caused by various factors such as lipid accumulation, miRNA expression, DNA damage, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) [3-5].
VSMCs promotes plaque formation through abnormal migration and proliferation, however it also helps the formation of fibrous caps to prevent rupture of the plaques in atherosclerosis [6]. It is suggested that in-stent restenosis of atherosclerosis may be curable by inhibiting migration and proliferation of VSMCs [7]. Therefore, migration and proliferation of VSMCs is crucial regulator in atherosclerosis. VSMCs migration and proliferation are related to MMPs [8]. In the arteriosclerosis model, it was found that MMP2 and MMP9 are activated, which is involved in VSMCs migration and proliferation [9, 10]. VSMCs exhibits motility when phenotypic changes are induced, and this phenotypic regulation occurs in a very complex process such as chemokinesis, chemotaxis, and interaction with ECM [8, 11].
As shown in Figure 1, The vascular wall is mainly composed of VSMCs and is composed of one layer of endothelial cells (ECs) inside [12]. In addition, these two cells play an important role in vascular homeostasis, and they interact with each other to participate in the development and formation of the vascular system [12]. When blood vessels are formed, the initial interaction is the embryonic stage [12-14]. These primitive endothelial tubes recruit supporting cells, the pericytes or smooth muscle cells [6, 15]. When angiogenesis occurs, ECs damage occurs and VSMCs are recruited by inducing migration and proliferation [6]. Therefore, cytokines secreted from ECs by stimulation may affect VSMCs. However, the molecular mechanisms and ECs-VSMCs interactions that cause atherosclerosis are unknown. Therefore, in recent studies, many studies are being conducted on the interaction between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells as a key point of atherosclerosis.
Etv2 (Ets variant 2), also known as ER71 (ETS related 71), belongs to the ETS family of transcription factors. Etv2 has a consensus sequence (5'-GGAA/T-3') in the region of the enhancer or promoter that can be the target of ETS factor (Figure 2) [16]. Etv2 is transiently expressed up to 9 days during embryogenesis, but is turned off in mature embryo and adult tissues [17-19]. During embryonic development, Etv2 functions as key regulator of haematopoietic and vascular development by activating blood and endothelial cell lineage specifying genes, such as FLK1 (VEGF-R2), and enhancing VEGF signaling [20, 21]. Etv2 deficiency leads to a complete block in haematopoietic and vascular formation and embryonic lethality [17-19]. However, recent studies have demonstrated that although Etv2 is not known to be expressed in adult, it reactivated following tissue injury or pathological conditions [17-24]. For example, Etv2 expression is increased in vascular endothelial cells of the hind limb ischemia model, and is essential for improving and remodeling blood vessel regeneration through FLK1, the transcriptional target of Etv2 [22]. Etv2 expression was remarkably increased in vascular endothelial cells of tumor angiogenesis, and tumor formation and angiogenesis were remarkably suppressed by treatment with Etv2 inhibitor nanoparticles [23]. Injection of Etv2 adenovirus into the heart of an animal model in which myocardial infarction is induced improves cardiac function through regeneration of vascular endothelial cells [24]. Etv2, JMJD2A and JMJD2D may jointly promote neuroendocrine prostate tumors [25]. ETS factors may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and reduce tumor growth [26]. Etv2 mediates endothelial transdifferentiation of glioblastoma [27]. Etv2 directly converts human fibroblasts into functional endothelial cells [28, 29]. Etv2 is expressed endogenously in endothelial cells [21]. However, there is no obvious role of VSMCs.
Cytokines are a family of signaling proteins that are secreted by cells and are small, 8-12 kDa. It is largely classified into four types (C, CXC, CC, CX3C chemokine) and interacts with several transmembrane proteins. Also, cell proliferation, migration and invasion are essential [30-32]. CXCL5 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5) is a chemokine also called ENA-78 (Epithelial Neutrophil-Activating Peptide-78). It is a structure in which one other amino acid is inserted into the cysteine and cysteine signs [33, 34]. Overexpression of CXCL5 is found in a variety of cancers and promotes tumor growth and metastasis [35, 36]. CXCL5 promote metastasis of breast cancer cells via upregulation of Snail [37]. CXCL5 induces EMT and promotes cell migration, invasion, and lung metastasis, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma [38]. CXCL5 promotes neutrophil activity and EMT-induced gastric cancer metastasis [39]. In addition, CXCL5 reduces symptoms by inhibiting the formation of foam cells in atherosclerosis [40]. CXCL5 plays a protective role in coronary artery disease [41]. CXCL5 is being studied a lot in cancer. However, the mechanism of CXCL5 in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is unknown. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to examine the role of CXCL5 secreted by Etv2 in VSMCs. This study found that CXCL5 secreted by Etv2 in HUVECs induces migration to VSMCs. In addition, it was identified that the related mechanism signals by regulating MAPK (Akt and p38), and the relationship with MMP9 and MMP13 was also identified. These results suggest that CXCL5 secreted by Etv2 in HUVECs will play a positive role in cardiovascular diseases by interacting with ECs-VSMCs.
|심혈관질환(Cardiovascular disease,CVD)은 세계적으로 높은 유병률과 사망률을 차지하는 질병으로, 이 중 죽상동맥경화증은 대표적인 심혈관질환 발병의 주원인이다. 죽상동맥경화증은 저밀도지단백(low-density lipoprotein, LDL)이 혈관내피세포(endothelial cell)를 뚫고 들어가 산화되는 것을 시작으로 내피세포의 활성화와 함께 면역세포, 혈관평활근세포(vascular smooth muscle cell)들의 복잡한 염증반응으로 발생하는데, 특히 혈관내피세포 손상 후 혈관평활근세포의 과도한 이동과 증식은 죽상동맥경화의 진행뿐만 아니라 관상동맥 재협착의 주요 기전으로 알려져 있다.
Etv2(ETS Variant Transcription Factor 2)는 ETS family의 구성원으로 특이적으로 태아 발생과정 중에서 혈관형성을 위해 일시적으로 발현하고 성체에서는 발현되지 않는 것으로 알려졌다. 하지만, Etv2가 혈관내피세포에서 내인성 발현 및 손상 후에 혈관 재생의 목적을 위해 발현한다는 연구가 보고되면서, 병적인 상태에서 제한적으로 발현된 Etv2의 역할에 대한 연구가 다양한 질병에서 진행되고 있다. 혈관신생과 관련하여 혈관내피세포에서 Etv2에 관한 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있지만, 혈관 구성의 또 다른 중요한 세포인 혈관평활근세포에 관해서 Etv2의 역할은 거의 알려져 있지 않다. 또한 Etv2와 관련된 내피세포와 혈관평활근세포의 상호작용에 관한 연구는 보고된 바 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Etv2에 의해 내피세포에서 분비된 cytokine이 혈관평활근세포에 이동과 증식에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다.
먼저, 내피세포(HUVECs)와 혈관평활근세포(VSMCs)에서 Etv2의 내인성 발현을 Western blot과 세포염색을 통해 확인한 결과, Etv2의 발현은 HUVECs의 핵에서 유의하게 발현하고 VSMCs에서는 전혀 발현하지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 HUVECs에서 Etv2에 의해 분비되는 cytokine을 확인하기 위해 먼저 Etv2를 과발현하는 아데노바이러스를 제작하였고, 72 시간 동안 Etv2를 과발현시킨 HUVECs-conditioned media(Etv2-CM)을 이용하여 cytokine array를 진행하였다. 그 결과 lacZ-CM 대조군과 비교하여 Etv2-CM에서 CXCL1, CXCL5, MCP1, MCP2 및 IL8의 발현이 현저하게 증가하고 IL-6와 angiogenin의 발현은 감소되는 것을 확인하였고, 이를 qPCR를 통해 교차 검증하여 Etv2에 의해 변화된 cytokine의 통계적 유의한 변화를 확인하였다. 또한, Etv2 과발현에 의해 HUVECs의 형태학적 변화를 확인할 수 있었는데, 현미경과 phalloidin 염색에서 Etv2가 기존 세포형태에서 날카로운 스핀들 모양으로 세포의 형태학적 변화를 유도하는 것을 관찰하였다. 이와 함께, Etv2의 과발현이 HUVECs의 증식을 유도하는 것을 MTT assay 결과를 통해서 확인할 수 있었다.
HUVECs에서 Etv2에 의해 분비된 cytokine이 VSMCs의 이동과 증식에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해서 VSMC 배양 배지를 Etv2-CM로 교체 후 세포의 이동과 증식능력을 조사하였다. 그 결과, Etv2에 의해 분비된 cytokine에 의해서 VSMCs의 이동이 증가되는 것을 확인하였고, 반면 증식에서는 통계적인 유의성이 없었다. 2D migration assay를 통해 Etv2에 의해 증가된 5개의 cytokine (CXCL1, CXCL5, MCP1, MCP2 및 IL8) 중 CXCL5가 VSMCs의 이동에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 cytokine임을 확인하였고, 3D migration assay를 통해 CXCL5 농도 의존적으로 VSMCs의 이동이 촉진되는 것을 다시 한번 확인하였다. VSMCs의 이동과 증식에 관여하는 MMPs 계열의 발현과 활성에 CXCL5가 미치는 영향을 western blot과 zymography를 통해 확인한 결과, CXCL5 농도 의존적으로 MMP9과 MMP13의 발현 및 활성이 증가되었고, MMP2의 발현은 영향이 없는 것을 확인하였다. 기존 논문에서 CXCL5가 종양세포에서 Akt, ERK 및 p38의 활성화를 통해서 암의 증식 및 전이를 촉진시킨다는 연구가 보고됨에 따라, CXCL5의 MMP9/-13 증가에 의한 VSMCs 이동에 있어서 Akt, ERK, p38 그리고 c-jun 인산화 발현 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과, VSMC에서 CXCL5는 Akt, p38, c-Jun 인산화 수준을 시간 의존적으로 증가 시키는 것으로 나타났으며 ERK의 인산화 변화는 확인 할 수 없었다. 또한, Akt, p38 억제제(A6730, SB203580)는 VSMC에서 CXCL5로 의해 증가된 이동을 감소 시킬 수 있음을 확인하였으며, CXCL5로 의해 증가된 MMP9, MMP13의 발현과 활성을 억제시켰다.
본 연구는 HUVEC에서 Etv2 과발현으로 인해 분비되는 cytokine을 연구했고 분비된 CXCL5는 VSMC에서 MAPK(Akt, p38, c-jun) 신호전달 경로를 통해 MMP9, MMP13의 발현 및 활성을 조절하여 세포에 이동을 유도 할 수 있음을 확인했다.
Alternative Title
전사인자 Etv2로 인해 혈관내피세포에서 분비된 CXCL5의 혈관평활근세포에 대한 영향
Alternative Author(s)
Byeongsam Chu
Department
일반대학원 의과학과
Advisor
송희상
Awarded Date
2021-02
Table Of Contents
List of Figures 3
Abbreviations 4
Abstract (Korean) 5

1. Introduction 8

2. Materials and Methods 12
2.1. Cell cultures 12
2.2. Construction of adenoviral vector 12
2.3. Chemical reagent, inhibitor and antibodies 12
2.4. Cytokine array 13
2.5. Western blot analysis 13
2.6. RNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) 14
2.7. Cell viability 14
2.8. BrdU assay 14
2.9. Immunofluorescence staining 14
2.10. Cell migration assay 15
2.11. Zymography 16
2.12. Statistical analysis 16

3. Results 18
3.1. Construction of Etv2 adenoviral vector 18
3.2. Expression of transcription factor Etv2 21
3.3. Effect of Etv2 on HUVECs 24
3.4. Identification of cytokines induced by Etv2 in HUVEC 28
3.5. Effect of conditioned media from Etv2-induced HUVECs on VSMCs migration 32
3.6. Effect of CXCL5 on VSMCs migration and proliferation 35
3.7. Effect of cytokines on VSMCs phenotypic change 38
3.8. Effects of CXCL5 on expression of MMP2/9/13 in VSMCs 41
3.9. Effect of CXCL5 on Akt, ERK, p38 and c-Jun signaling pathway 44
3.10. Effects of Akt, ERK, p38 activity inhibition on VSMCs migration 47
3.11. Effects of MAPKs inhibitors on phosphorylation levels of in CXCL5- treated VSMCs 50
3.12. Effects of MAPKs inhibitors on expression of MMP9/13 in CXCL5- treated VSMCs 53

4. Discussion 56

5. References 58

6. Acknowledgement 63
Degree
Master
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
추병삼. (2021). Effects of CXCL5 secreted from vascular endothelial cells by transcription factor Etv2 on smooth muscle cells.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/16841
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000359347
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 3. Theses(Master)
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