뛰기 동작의 최적화 모델을 위한 운동역학적 요인분석

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between the variables by analyzing and quantifying the variables kinematically in order to efficiently perform vertical jump and standing long jump movements. For this purpose, a total of 26 students, 13 each from male and female high school students, were studied through various variables, which are time (required time), distance (height of body center), speed (center of body), angular (shoulder joint angle, hip joint angle, knee joint angle, ankle joint angle), angular velocity (shoulder joint angular velocity, hip angular velocity, knee joint angular velocity, ankle joint angular velocity) and kinematic (muscular conduction, ground reaction) factors. 1) A kinematic variable between male and female students in vertical jump First, among male and female students, students with higher records took longer time and showed significant differences in all sections. Second, the analysis of the body-centered vertical displacement of male and female students showed no statistically significant differences, although there were differences in records. Third, the analysis of the body-centered vertical speed between male and female students showed that male students appeared faster than female students at the moment of leap during vertical jump movements. The vertical acceleration also showed up faster in male students, and it can be seen that male students perform muscle contractions and relaxations in a moment while moving joints effectively when they perform vertical jump motions rather than female students. It also means that the body can be sent higher in a vertical direction by pushing the ground harder. Fourth, the angle of the body segment was analyzed for each event to analyze the angular variable, and the angle of the ankle joint and the angle of the knee joint showed significant differences in section E3, and it can be seen that reaction forces are caused by the push action to generate a large force. The angle of the hip joint can be seen as an important variable for effective vertical jump operation rather than the above two variables. Fifth, the isometric muscular function test showed a significant difference between male and female students, while they showed more than twice as big a difference. Sixth, the kinematic ground reaction analysis was done in both vertical and forward directions. It turned out that although male students showed greater ground resistance than female students, there was no statistically significant difference. Seventh, the muscle conduction analysis identified the movement and activity of the major muscle groups, resulting in a significant difference in the activity of the lower body rather than the upper body between male and female students. In particular, there was a significant difference in activity of the femoral rectum. 2) Correlation between vertical jump record and variable First, height and weight were found to be correlated with records. Second, the time variable showed a significant correlation with the entire interval record. Third, speed variables such as speed and acceleration were found to be closely related to records. Fourth, the ankle joint angle shows that the ankle is as low-sided as possible in the peak section by making the most of the ankle in the take-off section when performing the vertical jump movement. It is effective to make a 74 degree hip angle when crouching and jump vertically. The shoulder joint angle also shows a significant correlation with the record, so it is important to maintain – 59 degrees when crouching and 130 degrees when taking a leap. Fifth, the femoral rectum and the record were significant in the analysis of myocardial conduction activation. Only when contraction and relaxation of femoral rectum occur effectively can a good record be made. Sixth, in vertical jumping, the ground force can be considered to be effective for improving the record. In particular, there is a difference in the results of the record through its action and reaction forces. 3) A kinetic dynamic variable between male and female students in standing long jump First, among the male and female students, the higher the record, the longer the time required. The significant difference in the peak interval was shown in the leap between male and female students. Second, the records of male and female students showed great differences and it were statistically significant. Third, the body-centered vertical and horizontal displacement between male and female students showed great value for male students. Fourth, male students at vertical and horizontal speeds showed a large value, indicating that this was highly relevant to the record. Fifth, there was no big difference between male and female students in angle variable. However, there were significant statistical differences between events. Sixth, the kinematic ground reaction analysis was done in both vertical and forward directions. Female students had higher ground strength than male students. Seventh, in myocardial analysis, unlike vertical jumps, the muscle activity of the upper body was also statistically significant. This can be considered to strengthen the arm's swing in the upper body to move forward. 4) Correlation between the standing long jump record and the variable First, height and weight were found to be correlated with the standing long jump. Second, the time variable of the two sections can be said that the time spent in the air is a record, and the record is determined by the time spent in the air. Third, the speed variable also showed that speed and acceleration were closely related to the record. It can be seen that effective movement of joints and rapid contraction and relaxation of muscles are important factors in improving records. Fourth, significant correlation with the record was shown only at shoulder joint angle. Unlike vertical jumps, the movement of the upper body is considered to be an important factor affecting the recording. Fifth, the femoral and trigonometric muscles were significantly shown in the analysis of myocardial conduction activation. The contraction and relaxation of the femoral rectum must occur effectively to produce a good record and a strong swing of the arm of the triangular root can improve the record. In order to perform effective movements when performing vertical jumps, it is necessary to improve the muscle strength of the lower extremities and to make the flexural force of the hip especially strong. Also, in the standing long jump, it is important to develop the lower body to speed up the contraction and relaxation of the body momentarily, and the upper body plays many roles differently from the vertical jump, so it is necessary to practice improving the speed along with strengthening the muscle of the upper body. As a result, muscle strength of the lower body must be improved in order to perform the two movements effectively. In particular, during the standing long jump, it seems necessary to improve the muscle strength of the upper body as it is seen to produce an effective forward movement through strong swinging of the upper extremities as well as strong contraction and relaxation of the lower body. The results of the above study are believed to serve as basic data for mechanics and be used in the field of sports.|본 연구는 뛰기 동작의 최적화 모델을 위한 운동역학적 요인 분석을 위해 수직점프와 제자리멀리뛰기 변인을 운동역학적으로 비교, 분석하고 정량화하여 변인들 간의 상관관계를 밝히는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 남녀 고등학생 각 13명씩 총 26명을 대상으로 운동학적 변인인 시간요인(소요시간), 거리요인(신체 중심의 높이), 속도요인(신체 중심), 각도요인(어깨관절각, 고관절각, 무릎관절각, 발목관절각), 각속도요인(어깨관절 각속도, 고관절 각속도, 무릎관절 각속도, 발목관절 각속도), 운동역학적 변인인 근전도, 지면반력 변인을 통해 본 연구의 결과를 구체화하였다. 효율적으로 수직점프와 수평점프를 수행함에 있어 체격, 근력, 운동역학적 요인, 동작 패턴, 관절 간의 협응과 기술적인 요인 중 어떠한 요인이 상관관계가 높은지를 규명하는 데 초점을 두었다. 뛰기 동작인 수직점프와 제자리멀리뛰기는 인체 제어 메커니즘 측면에서 볼 때 여러 분절이 관여되고 폭발적인 근수축과 함께 다관절의 조화로운 움직임으로 자신의 체중을 극복해야 하며, 근력적 요인과 협응성, 평형성, 점프기술이 필요한 동작이다. 대퇴직근은 뛰기 두 동작에서 동일하게 중요한 요인으로 나타나는 것으로 보아 하지 관절의 역학적 출력 차이에 따라 점프 높이의 차이가 나타나는 것으로 보이며, 이는 관절 역학적 요인(최대관절 모멘트, 파워, 추진국면의 일량) 차이가 나타난다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 제자리멀리뛰기 또한 등속성 근 기능에서 대퇴직근이 기록과 상관관계가 높게 나타났으며, 유의미한 결과를 보였다. 본 연구에서는 제자리멀리뛰기 시 수직점프와는 상이하게 상체가 기록과 상관관계가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 제자리멀리뛰기는 신체를 전방으로 이동시키는 동작으로 팔의 강한 휘두름과 하지의 효율적인 움직임을 동시에 행할 때 도약 시 하체와 상체의 유기적인 움직임을 만들어내며 멀리 갈 수 있는 힘을 만들어낸다고 볼 수 있다. 기록이 상대적으로 낮은 피험자들의 대부분은 근전도 상에서 시퀀스가 상이했으며, 이로 인해 큰 힘을 발휘 못 하는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 점프 시 수직 힘을 얻기 위해 편심힘을 활용하며 웅크리는 동작을 수행하고 이의 반작용력인 수직 지면반력을 만들어낸다. 수평점프(제자리멀리뛰기)에서는 상체 또한 중요한 요인으로 작용하는 것으로 확인되었다. 수직 지면 반력과 수평 지면 반력 변인에서 기록과 수직 점프, 수평 점프의 지면 반력을 비교 분석한 결과 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았으며, 두 동작을 상관관계를 확인한 결과 또한 유의한 상관관계가 나타나지는 않았다. 하지만 좋은 기록을 위해 고관절과 무릎관절의 각도를 더 크게 굴곡시키고 이로 인해 지면반력이 크게 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 위 논의에서 언급한 뛰기 동작 시 중요한 요인들은 뛰기 동작의 최적화 모델을 구현하는데 중요한 변인으로 효율적인 동작을 수행할 수 있도록 기여하는 것으로 판단할 수 있다.