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Design, synthesis and mechanism of action of novel host defense peptides and peptidomimetics with antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities

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Author(s)
김은영
Issued Date
2021
Abstract
Part.1
KR-12-a5 is a 12-meric -helical antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with dual antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities designed from human cathelicidin LL-37. We designed and synthesized a series of D-amino acid-substituted analogs of KR-12-a5 with the aim of developing novel -helical AMPs that possess higher cell selectivity than KR-12-a5, while maintaining the anti-inflammatory activity. D-amino acid incorporation into KR-12-a5 induced a significant improvement in the cell selectivity by 2.6- to 13.6-fold as compared to KR-12-a5, while maintaining the anti-inflammatory activity. Among the three analogs, KR-12-a5 (6-DL) with D-amino acid in the polar-nonpolar interface (Leu6) showed the highest cell selectivity (therapeutic index: 61.2). Similar to LL-37, KR-12-a5 and its analogs significantly inhibited the expression and secretion of NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. KR-12-a5 and its analogs showed a more potent antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including clinically isolated MRSA, MDRPA, and VREF than LL-37 and melittin. Furthermore, compared to LL-37, KR-12-a5 and its analogs showed greater synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and oxacillin against MDRPA; KR-12-a5 and its analogs had a FICI range between 0.25 and 0.5, and LL-37 had a range between 0.75 and 1.5. KR-12-a5 and its analogs were found to be more effective anti-biofilm agents against MDRPA than LL-37. In addition, KR-12-a5 and its analogs maintained antimicrobial activity in physiological salts and human serum. SYTOX Green uptake and membrane depolarization studies revealed that KR-12-a5 and its analogs kills microbial cells by permeabilizing the cell membrane and damaging membrane integrity. Taken together, our results suggest that KR-12-a5 and its analogs can be developed further as novel antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory agents to treat antibiotic-resistant infections.

Part.2
TZP4 is a triazine-based amphipathic polymer designed to mimic the amphipathic structure found in antimicrobial peptides. TZP4 showed potent antimicrobial activity comparable to melittin against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. TZP4 showed high resistance to proteolytic degradation and low tendency to develop drug resistance. The results from membrane depolarization, SYTOX Green uptake, flow cytometry, and gel retardation revealed that the mechanism of antimicrobial action of TZP4 involved an intracellular target rather than the bacterial cell membrane. Furthermore, TZP4 suppressed the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. BODIPY-TR-cadaverine displacement and dissociation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled LPS assays revealed that TZP4 strongly bound to LPS and disaggregated the LPS oligomers. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that TZP4 inhibits the binding of FITC-conjugated LPS to RAW264.7 cells. These observations indicate that TZP4 may exert its anti-endotoxic activity by directly binding with LPS and inhibiting the interaction between LPS and CD14+ cells. Collectively, TZP4 is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of endotoxic shock and sepsis caused by gram-negative bacterial infections.|Part1.
KR-12-a5는 인간 카텔리시딘 LL-37에서 유래된 12-meric -helical 항균 펩타이드로 항균 및 항 염증 활성을 가진다. 본 연구는 KR-12-a5 보다 높은 세포 선택성(cell selectivity)을 가지며, 항 염증 활성을 유지하는 새로운 -나선형 항균 펩타이드 개발을 목표로 KR-12-a5의 D-아미노산 치환 유사체(analogs)시리즈를 합성하고 설계하였다. D-아미노산을 KR-12-a5 에게 혼입하면 KR-12-a5에 비해 세포 선택성이 2.6배에서 13.6배까지 향상되는 동시에 항 염증 활성은 유지되었다. 3가지 유사체 중 극성-비극성 표면에 D-아미노산을 가지는(Leu6), KR-12-a5 (6-DL)가 치료지수(therapeutic index) (세포선택성의 척도임)가 61.2로 가장 높은 세포 선택성을 나타냈다. KR-12-a5 및 그 유사체가 LPS로 자극된 Raw264.7 cell에서 LL-37과 비슷하게, NO 분비가 감소하고 TNF-α, IL-6 및 MCP-1의 발현이 억제되었다. KR-12-a5 및 그 유사체는 임상적으로 분리된 메티실린-저항성 황색포도구균 (MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphyllococcus aureus), 다제내성-녹농균 (multi drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: MDRPA) 및 반코마이신-저항성 장구균 (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: VREF)을 포함한 항생제-내성세균에 대해 LL-37 및 Melittin 보다 더 강력한 항균 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 LL-37과 비교하였을 때 KR-12-a5 및 그 유사체가 다제내성-녹농균 (multi drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: MDRPA)에 대해 기존 항생제(chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, 및 oxacillin)과 의 시너지 효과에서 더 큰 활성을 나타내었다. KR-12-a5 및 그 유사체 FICI 범위는 0.25~0.75, LL-37은 0.75~1.5이였다. KR-12-a5 및 그 유사체는 MDRPA에 대해 LL-37보다 강력한 항-바이오 필름 활성을 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 KR-12-a5 및 그 유사체는 생리적 염(salts) 및 인간 혈청(human serum) 존재에서도 항균 활성을 유지하였다. SYTOX Green uptake 및 막 탈분극 연구에 따르면 KR-12-a5 및 그 유사체는 세포막을 투과하고 막을 손상시켜 미생물 세포를 죽이는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 종합하면 KR-12-a5 및 그 유사체가 항생제 내성 감염을 치료하기 위한 새로운 항균/항 염증제로 더욱 발전할 수 있음을 시사한다.

Part2.
TZP4는 항균펩타이드(AMP)의 양친매성 구조를 모방하여 설계된 트리아진 기반 양친매성 중합체이다. TZP4는 메티실린-저항성 황색포도구균 (MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphyllococcus aureus), 다제내성-녹농균 (multi drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: MDRPA)와 같은 항생제 내성 박테리아에 대해 Melittin과 대항할 정도의 강력한 항균 활성을 나타냈다. TZP4는 단백질 분해에 대한 내성이 높고 약물 내성이 발생하는 경향이 낮았다. 막 탈분극, SYTOX Green uptake, 유세포 분석 및 겔 지연(retardation)의 결과로부터 TZP4의 항균작용 메커니즘은 세포막보다는 세포내 표적이라는 것이 밝혀졌다. 또한 유도성 산화질소 합성 효소(inducible nitric oxide synthase)와 종양 괴사 인자(tumor necrosis factor-)의 mRNA의 발현을 억제하고 LPS로 자극된 Raw264.7에서 산화질소(NO) 및 TNF-α방출을 억제하였다. BODIPY-TR-cadaverine displacement 및 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled LPS assay를 통해 TZP4가 LPS에 강하게 결합하고 LPS 올리고머를 분해하는 것을 확인하였다. 유세포 분석으로 TZP4가 Raw264.7 cell에 FITC-라벨된 LPS가 결합하는 것을 억제함을 보여줬다. 이러한 관찰로 TZP4와 LPS에 직접 결합하고 LPS와 CD14+ 사이의 상호작용을 억제함으로써 항-내독성 활성을 발휘할 수 있음을 보여줬다. 결론적으로 TZP4는 그람 음성 세균 감염으로 인한 내독성 쇼크 및 패혈증 치료에 유망한 약물 후보임이 입증되었다.
Alternative Title
항균 및 항염증활성을 가지는 생체 방어 펩타이드 및 펩타이드 모방체의 설계, 합성 및 작용기작
Alternative Author(s)
Kim Eun Young
Department
일반대학원 의과학과
Advisor
신송엽
Awarded Date
2021-02
Table Of Contents
CONTENTS i
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
ABSTRACT (KOREAN) ix
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) xii

PART I. LL-37-derived short antimicrobial peptide KR-12- a5 and its D-amino acid substituted analogs with cell selectivity, anti-biofilm activity, synergistic effect with conventional antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory activity 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 5
3. RESULTS 13
3.1. Peptide design and synthesis 13
3.2. Hydrophobicity 13
3.3. Antimicrobial activity 14
3.4. Hemolytic activity 14
3.5. Cells selectivity 14
3.6. Secondary structure by CD spectra 15
3.7. Quenching of tryptophan fluorescence with acrylamide 15
3.8. Cytotoxicity of peptides against mammalian cell 16
3.9. Inhibitory effect of peptides on LPS-stimulated NO and cytokine release 16
3.10. Inhibition of the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 in LPSstimulated RAW264.7 cells 16
3.11. Antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria 17
3.12. Salt and serum stability 17
3.13. Biofilm inhibition 17
3.14. Synergy with conventional antibiotics 18
3.15. Mechanism of antimicrobial action 18
4. DISCUSSION 20
5. CONCLUSION 25
6. REFERENCES 44

PART II. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial and Anti-Endotoxin Activities of a Triazine-Based Amphipathic Polymer 53
1. INTRODUCTION 54
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 57
3. RESULTS 66
3.1. Activity against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains 66
3.2. Protease resistance 66
3.3. Drug resistance 66
3.4. Bactericidal kinetics assay 67
3.5. Mechanism of antimicrobial action 67
3.5.1 Cytoplasmic membrane depolarization 67
3.5.2 SYTOX Green uptake assay 68
3.5.3 Flow cytometric analysis 69
3.5.4 DNA-binding activity 69
3.5.5 Effects of TZP4 on RAW264.7 cell viability 70
3.5.6 Effects of TZP4 on LPS-induced NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells 70
3.6 Mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity 71
3.6.1 LPS-binding assay 71
3.6.2 Dissociation of LPS-FITC aggregates 71
3.6.3 Effect of TZP4 on the binding of LPS-FITC to RAW264.7 macrophages 72
4. DISCUSSION 73
5. CONCLUSION 78
6. REFERENCES 89
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
김은영. (2021). Design, synthesis and mechanism of action of novel host defense peptides and peptidomimetics with antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/16774
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000368686
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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