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Antimicrobial and anti-endotoxic activities and mechanisms of action of short amphipathic peptides derived from avian host defense peptides

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Author(s)
디네쉬 쿠마
Issued Date
2021
Abstract
PART I
항균 펩티드 (AMP)는 항생제 내성 병원체와 싸우기 위해 점점 더 많은 관심을 받고 있다. dCATH (duck cathelicidin)는 강력한 살균 활성을 가진 20 잔류 조류 cathelicidin이다. 그러나, 그것의 치료적 적용은 높은 포유류 세포 독성 때문에 제한적이다. 향상된 항균 및 세포 선택 특성을 가진 치료적으로 유용한 AMP를 개발하기 위해 dCATH를 기반으로 한 일련의 12개 아미노산으로 구성된 짧은 양친매성 펩타이드를 설계하였다. 이 중 Trp 및 Lys가 풍부한 dCATH 12-4 및 dCATH 12-5는 적혈구 및 대식세포에서 보다 박테리아 세포에 대해 더 높은 선택성을 나타냈다. 또한 이들 펩타이드는 LPS로 자극된 대식세포에서 NO 및 TNF-α 분비를 현저하게 감소시켜 항 염증 특성을 나타내었다. 다양한 형광단 기반 연구 및 공 초점 현미경 관찰은 dCATH 12-4 및 dCATH 12-5가 막 견고성을 방해하지 않고 박테리아 세포막을 관통하여 세포질에 축적될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 현미경 검사와 겔 지연 DNA 결합 분석의 결과는 설계된 두 펩타이드가 모두 박테리아 DNA와 결합하여 DNA 합성을 중지시켜 세포 사멸을 초래할 수 있음을 시사하였다. 형광 분광법 및 유세포 분석 분석은 설계된 펩타이드가 LPS 올리고머에 대한 강한 결합을 유도하여 LPS 응집체를 해리시켜 LPS가 캐리어 단백질 리포 다당류 결합 단백질 (LBP) 또는 대식세포의 CD14 수용체에 결합하는 것을 방지하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, dCATH 12-4 및 dCATH 12-5는 항생제 내성 병원체에 대한 다양한 기존 항생제와 시너지 효과를 보여 병용 요법에 대한 유망한 보조제로서의 능력을 나타내었다. 요약하면, 이러한 결과는 박테리아 감염 및 패혈증을 퇴치하기 위한 살균 및 면역 조절 특성을 가진 짧은 AMP의 설계에 기여할것이다.

PART II
닭의 창자(chicken intestine)에서 발현되는 카텔리시딘(cathelicidin)인 파울리시딘-1 (Fowl-1)은 항균 및 항염 작용이있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나, 그것의 높은 숙주 세포 독성으로 인해 제약 개발이 궁극적으로 제한되었다. 본 연구에서 일련의 N- 및 C- 말단이 잘린 19-meric Fowl-1 펩타이드을 합성하였다. 이러한 잘린 펩타이드 중 Fowl-1(8-26)은 항 염증 활성을 감소시키면서 인간 적혈구 세포 독성없이 광범위한 항균 활성을 나타냈다. 또한 Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK는 더 많은 양친매성을 나타내기 위해 Fowl-1(8-26)에서 Thr5Trp, Ile7Arg 및 Asn11Lys 치환을 통해 설계되었다. 그 결과 항균성과 항 염증성을 모두 나타냈다. 본 연구는 또한 LPS로 유도 된 염증에 대한 Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK의 억제 활성이 주로 LPS가 펩타이드에 결합하기 때문임을 입증되었다. 흥미롭게도, 인간 cathelicidin LL-37 및 melittin에 비해 Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK는 약물 내성 박테리아에 대해 더 강력한 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 생리적 염분과 인간 혈청에 내성이 있고 클로람페니콜, 시프로플록사신, 옥사 실린과 같은 기존 항생제와 함께 시너지 효과를 발휘하여 기존 항생제와 결합하여 유망한 보조제임을 시사하였다. 또한 막 탈분극, SYTOX Green 흡수 및 유세포 분석은 막 무결성을 손상시켜 박테리아를 죽이는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK가 항생제 내성 감염 치료를 위한 항균 및 항염증제로서 향후 개발 가능성이 높다는 것을 시사하였다.
|PART I
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained increasing attention to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. dCATH (duck cathelicidin) is a 20-residue avian cathelicidin with potent bactericidal activity. However, its therapeutic application is limited due to high mammalian cell cytotoxicity. To develop therapeutically useful AMPs with enhanced antimicrobial and cell-selective property, we designed a series of 12-meric (dodeca) short amphiphilic peptides based on dCATH. Among these, Trp and Lys-rich dCATH 12-4 and dCATH 12-5 exhibited higher selectivity towards bacterial cells than erythrocytes and macrophages. Additionally, these AMPs significantly reduced NO and TNF-α secretion in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells, suggesting their anti-inflammatory properties. Various fluorophore-based studies and confocal microscopic observations demonstrated that dCATH 12-4 and dCATH 12-5 could penetrate the bacterial cell membrane and accumulate in the cytoplasm, without disrupting membrane integrity. Results from the microscopic examination and gel-retardation DNA binding assay suggested that both the designed AMPs could bind with bacterial DNA, subsequently leading to cell death via arrest of DNA synthesis. Fluorescence spectroscopy and flow cytometry analysis revealed that the designed AMPs induced strong binding to LPS oligomers which resulted in dissociation of LPS aggregates, thereby preventing LPS from binding to the carrier protein lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) or alternatively to CD14 receptors of macrophage cells. Additionally, both dCATH 12-4 and dCATH 12-5 demonstrated synergistic actions with various conventional antibiotics against antibiotic resistant pathogens, thus indicating their ability as promising adjuncts to combination therapy. In summary, these findings contribute to the design of short AMPs with bactericidal and immunomodulatory properties for combating bacterial infection and sepsis.

PART II
Fowlicidin-1 (Fowl-1), a cathelicidin expressed in chicken intestine, is known to have both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its pharmaceutical development has been ultimately compromised by its high host cytotoxicity. In this study, a series of N- and C-terminal-truncated 19-meric Fowl-1 peptides were synthesized. Among these truncated peptides, Fowl-1(8-26) exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity without human erythrocyte cytotoxicity while reducing anti-inflammatory activity. Further, Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK was designed via Thr5Trp, Ile7Arg, and Asn11Lys substitutions in Fowl-1(8-26) to exhibit more amphipathicity. The results revealed that it exhibited both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study also demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK against LPS-induced inflammation was mainly due to the binding of LPS to the peptide. Interestingly, compared with human cathelicidin LL-37 and melittin, Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK showed more potent activity against drug-resistant bacteria. It was also resistant to physiological salts and human serum and acted synergistically in combination with conventional antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and oxacillin, suggesting that combined with conventional antibiotics, it is a promising adjuvant. Furthermore, membrane depolarization, SYTOX Green uptake, and flow cytometry revealed that it kills bacteria by damaging their membrane integrity. Therefore, this study suggests that Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK has considerable potential for future development as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent for treating antibiotic-resistant infections
Alternative Title
조류생체방어펩타이드로부터 유래된 짧은 양친매성펩타이드의 항균 및 항내독소활성과 작용기작
Alternative Author(s)
Dinesh Kumar
Affiliation
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department
일반대학원 의과학과
Advisor
Song Yub Shin
Awarded Date
2021-02
Table Of Contents
CONTENTS
CONTENTS i
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
ABSTRACT (KOREAN) ix
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) xiii

PART I. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of short dodecapeptides derived from duck cathelicidin: Plausible mechanism of bactericidal action and endotoxin neutralization 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 5
3. RESULTS 19
3.1. Peptide design and synthesis 19
3.2. Characterization of peptides 20
3.3 Secondary structure of peptides 20
3.4. Biocompatibility assays 21
3.5. Antimicrobial activity and cell selectivity 22
3.6. Inhibitory effect of the peptides on LPS-stimulated NO and TNF-α production 23
3.7. Salt and serum stability 24
3.8 Synergy with conventional antibiotics 24
3.9 Time-killing kinetic assay 25
3.10 Bacteriolysis and morphological examination of E. coli cells 25
3.11 Drug resistance assay 26
3.12 Mechanism of antimicrobial action 26
3.13 Mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity 29
4. DISCUSSION 32
5. CONCLUSION 42
6. REFERENCES 66

PART II. The design of a cell-selective fowlicidin-1-derived peptide with both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities 74
1. INTRODUCTION 75
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 78
3. RESULTS 86
3.1. Synthesis of truncated peptides from Fowl-1 86
3.2. Antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of Fowl-1 and its truncated peptides 86
3.3 Inhibitory effect of Fowl-1 and its truncated peptides on LPS-stimulated NO and TNF- release 87
3.4. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK 88
3.5. CD spectroscopy 89
3.6. Binding studies of Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK to E. coli LPS 89
3.7. Antimicrobial activity of Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK against antibiotic-resistant bacteria 90
3.8. Salt and human serum stability 90
3.9. Synergistic effects of Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK with conventional antibiotics against MDRPA and MRSA 91
3.10. Mechanism of antimicrobial action of Fowl-1(8-26)-WRK 91
4. DISCUSSION 93
5. CONCLUSION 97
6. REFERENCES 115
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
디네쉬 쿠마. (2021). Antimicrobial and anti-endotoxic activities and mechanisms of action of short amphipathic peptides derived from avian host defense peptides.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/16769
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000369295
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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