역도선수의 경쟁상태불안이 경기력에 미치는 영향

Abstract

In sports, victory or defeat is decided by the harmony between the physical and psychological (mental) abilities in individual athletes. Any player sometimes feels unadjusted to environment, which may lead to the problems, such as mistake, anxiety and lack in self-confidence. With the advent of the 21st century, human limitations, deemed to be insurmountable in the past, are overcome especially in record-breaking sports. However, such athletic performance is affected by several factors, of which a psychological one is important. As an individual sport, weightlifting has its performance greatly influenced by the factors of anxiety. After all, it is very important for players or their leaders how to control competitive anxiety. The present study aims at helping hyperanxious weightlifting athletes alleviate their anxiety and enhance their athletic performance efficiently by comparing the levels of state anxiety (cognitive anxiety, physical anxiety and state self-confidence) before a game using the Competitive State Anxiety Inverntoty-2 (CSAI-2) developed by Martens, Vealey & Burton (1990) to determine what influences the factors of anxiety have on record and outcome, analyzing what influences the levels of anxiety have on performance and applying the results to the field. Its population were the athletes who participated in the 49t National Male Junior Weightlifting Competition, the 22nd National Spring Female Weightlifting Competition and the 2nd National Female Junior Weightlifting Competition (simultaneously, a contest for the World Junior Weightlifting Competition) among the middle school and high school athletes registered at the Korea Weightlifting Federation. Of the population, 250 players were selected as subjects using the purposive sampling method. As per approval from directors at meetings before games, the objectives of this study were explained to the subjects, questionnaires were distributed among them, the self-administration method applied to answers and filled-out questionnaires were collected. The questionnaires were distributed among a total of 250 persons and filled-out ones were collected from 240 persons. A statistical analysis was made of the data collected from 232 persons, excluding 8 persons who answered the questionnaires insincerely or left some questions unanswered. The results are as follows: First, in terms of differences by gender in competitive state anxiety subfactors, the higher levels of anxiety were shown by female athletes than male ones in self-confidence, cognitive state anxiety, situational state anxiety and physical anxiety. Statistically, there were significant differences in self-confidence and cognitive state anxiety, while there was no difference in situational state anxiety and physical anxiety between male and female players.

Second, in terms of differences by education level in competitive state anxiety subfactors, middle school students were similar to high school ones in self-confidence, while high school students showed the high levels of anxiety than middle school ones in cognitive state anxiety, situational state anxiety and physical anxiety. Statistically, there was no significant difference in self-confidence and cognitive state anxiety, while there were significant differences in state anxiety and physical anxiety.

Third, in terms of differences by skill in competitive state anxiety subfactors, the higher levels of anxiety were shown by the students who won no prize at national competitions than those who won prizes at the same competitions, in self-confidence and physical anxiety, and by the latter than the former in cognitive state anxiety and situational state anxiety. Statistically, there were significant differences in self-confidence alone.

Forth, in terms of differences by athletic career in competitive state anxiety subfactors, the higher levels of anxiety were shown by the students with the athletic career less than 3 years than those with other athletic ones, in self-confidence, and by the students with the athletic career of 3 to 5 years than by those with other athletic ones in cognitive state anxiety, situational state anxiety and physical anxiety. Statistically, there were significant differences in self-confidence alone. As a result of post-analysis, there were significant differences between the students with the athletic career less than 3 years and of 6 years or more.

Fifth, in terms of differences by weight in competitive state anxiety subfactors, the higher levels of anxiety were shown by lightweight and heavyweight students than other weight ones in self-confidence, and by heavyweight students than other weight ones in cognitive state anxiety, situational state anxiety and physical anxiety. Statistically, there was no significant difference in self-confidence, cognitive state anxiety, situational state anxiety and physical anxiety.

Sixth, in terms of differences by weight reduction in competitive state anxiety subfactors, the higher levels of anxiety were shown by the students without weight reduction than by those with weight reduction in self-confidence and by the latter than the former in cognitive state anxiety, situational state anxiety and physical anxiety. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the both groups.