韓･中･越 愛情傳奇小說 주인공의 성격 비교 연구

Abstract

This study aims to identify similarity and differences among characters of heroes in 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕 by Goo Woo, 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕 by Kim Si Seup, and 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕 by Wanseo which are romantic and biographical novels from East Asia. For the purpose, this study speculated the social positions and educational background of heroes and heroins in the three stories and the results are presented as follows: 1. Heroes and heroins with higher social positions appeared commonly in 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕, 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕 and 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕. Most of the heroes and heroins were sons from government officers or young students and daughters from respectable families respectively. They were good at writing poetry or talented, and looked handsome and beautiful. They were about 20 when they were fit for marriage. However, female characters with lower social positions appeared in 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕 and 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕 except 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕. They are categorized into court ladies, gisaeng, servants and daughters of tavern owners, and naturally fell in love with male characters. It was different from 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕 in which heroes and heroins with higher social positions appeared, among whom romantic relationship was formed. More interesting is that they considered each other as equal though they had different social positions, and romance was naturally formed without barriers. So it was ascertained that romantic relationship was formed within vertical relations between heroes and heroins. Unusually, in 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕 a male hero with negative character appeared. In general, heroes in the three stories were gentle, but in 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕, a stupid and cruel hero appeared. 2. To examine educational background of the heroes and heroins, they had higher level of knowledge irregardless of social positions. Such characters were derived from many citations of Chinese classics in poetry, writing and dialogues. The three stories cited various Chinese classics such as 󰡔Analects of Confucius󰡕, 󰡔Mencius󰡕, 󰡔Book of Odes󰡕, 󰡔Book of Changes󰡕, 󰡔Yegi󰡕, and 󰡔Book of Filial Duty󰡕. The heroes and heroins delivered their feelings and showed their knowledge through citation of the classics. More noteworthy is that even female characters with lower social position as well as the characters with higher social positions possessed such high level of knowledge. That is, the heroins with lower social position were not different from those with higher position in their knowledge and personality. They were beautiful and good at writing poetry. Second, this study speculated the chance they meet and the process they fall in love with. 1. The change and process can be divided based on two standards; first, whether people met people or people met ghosts; second, their romance is categorized into involuntary or voluntary according to whether their romance reflected their free intention. As a result, in 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕, 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕 and 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕human characters met each other involuntarinteand voluntarint, and human and ghosts met voluntarint. First, involuntary and 󰡔Jeongier involuuman characters were made through lt,anged mat, age by s wereird personsier iaddition, the and 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕humby free intention of characters witho, agetervention of s wereird personsieFge and hvoluntary and 󰡔Jeongsier involuuman characters and ghosts were ok󰡕humahvolghosts of dead ladioughandering ters wenether world met male characters. Commonntetershese stories, female characters visited male characters and their active behaviors to gain love were highlighted. They resolved their deep sorrow through relationship with male characters. 2. Then, this study categorized attitudes the characters showed from first meeting to marriage in the stories into four types. As a result, Yangsaeng, a male character of ｢Manboksajupoki｣ in 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕, showed active behaviors and Lee Saeng in ｢Leesaenggyujangjeon｣ showed passive behaviors. However, all the female characters in 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕 showed active attitudes to gain their love. For 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕, male characters were passive while female ones were active. In this novel, heroins were ghosts and showed daring behaviors out of manners to gain their love. Heroes controlled their emotion to passively follow intentions of female correspondents. However, 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕 highlighted active male characters and passive female correspondents. 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕 configured independent heroins while 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕 focused on behaviors of male characters. Male characters were active to their love and direct causes of female correspondents' death. Such ending is related to personality of male characters in the first half of the novels. In particular, in 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕, male characters were lazy and led a dissolute life. However, as female characters showed passive and obedient attitudes involving in vertical relationship with men, they had a tragic end by male characters. Third, this study discussed beginnings and progresses of conflicts between male and female characters after their loves are formed. 1. Characters had or did not have conflicts before their loves were formed. However, after their relationship were established, they had inevitable conflicts that human beings could not overcome or suffering of life and death. Usually, such conflicts are caused by wars or despotic rulers. The characters were separated by tyranny of the hugh world and could not regain happiness. There was some relationship between humans and ghosts that eternal happiness could not be expected. As their relationship was formed beyond space, it was finite and finally they were separated each other. As a conflict in 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕, a stupid husband misunderstood his wife and abused her. 2. Then, this study considered the ends of male characters in the three novels. After male characters were eternally separated from female ones, they would not marry anyone else and continued to wander. However, it was verified that there were some differences among countries though their ends were somewhat similar.. For ｢Leesaenggyujangjeon｣ in 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕, Le Saeng missed his wife and died two months after she was dead. Stories in 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕 have universal endings, but in particular, ｢Aegyeongjeon｣, a female character was reborn and visited her family often. In 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕, endings of male characters are revealed or unrevealed. Stories that present ending deal with disobedience and nationality under the background of the dynasty which achieved independence of Vietnam. In particular, 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕 focuses on the Three Bonds and Five Relationships in Confucianism. It was confirmed in a review at the end of the story. Wanseo, a writer, emphasized In(generosity), Eui(righteousness), Ye(manners), Ji(knowledge), Chung(loyalty), Sin(fidelity) and Yeol(fervid loyalty), based on which characters dedicated themselves to their nations in the ending. This study is summarized as follows: This study compared representative biographical novels of three countries titled 󰡔Geumosinhwa󰡕, 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕 and 󰡔Jeongimanrok󰡕. In particular, it focused on identifying personalities of male and female characters of the novels dealing with romance and found that they were characteristic to their nations. Of course, 󰡔Chienteng Hsinhua󰡕 gave direct influence on Korea and Vietnam to write the first biographical novels. However, each novel has its own peculiarities beyond the simple imitation, which influenced personality of each character. This study did not examine biographical novels of East Asia integrally. There are many literary works with literary value in addition to the works discussed in this study though they have different characteristics from romantic and biographical novels. So this study suggests that future research on this theme is needed and literary values of biographical novels should be reorganized. To overcome limitations of this study, a continuous review is necessary.