日本語 複合動詞「~こむ」의 用法에 관한 硏究

Abstract

Japanese has compounds made of more than two words to express that cannot be expressed only with simple words. Compound verbs, a sub-category of compounds, indicates the case there exists a verb at the later part of a word, but this study focuses on the type of 「verb+verb」. The meaning of compound verbs can be roughly guessed in connection with the meaning of the two verbs. However, as many of Japanese verbs are polysemous, it is difficult to identify whether compound verbs are formed according to what meaning elements and, as compound verbs have diverse meanings, difficulties of learning are multiplied. This study examines polysemous「~komu」which is frequently used to understand compound verb with compound structures. 「komu」as a subject verb is used only as an intransitive verb in modern Japanese, but it was originally a function of transitive verb. As an intransitive verb, it has a meaning that inside density grows denser by movement of objects and things and as a transitive verb, it has a meaning that objects or things are fixed through movement within. That is, its meaning as an intransitive verb is “denseness”, and that as transitive verb is fixing. Its original meaning is " movement within " The meaning of 「komu」as a transitive verb shown only in archaic language, did not disappear in modern language and appears through 「~komu 」, a compound verb, along with the meaning of intransitive verbs. The most common meanings of「~komu」are “movement within” and “degree”. 「~komu」of the former states movement direction of subjects or objects with 「Ni」, a case postposition. However, in case when the area of movement is a subject itself, 「Ni」may be omitted as the meaning can be identified through contexts. The 「~komu」 for“degree” may emphasize its meaning with qualifiers, but it does not accompany「Ni」 unlike " movement within " . That is, according to accompaniment of「Ni」, its meaning can be categorized into “movement within” and “degree”. The「~komu」 for “degree” can be sub-categorized into “progress of degree” and “excess of degree”. The “progress of degree” means complete execution of movements and action of the antecedent verb with three meaning elements of “fixing”, “denseness” and “accumulation”. And as “excess of degree” has the most complicated meanings structure whose meaning cannot be identified only with combined meaning of antecedent and consequent verbs, it indicates few cases where a new meaning is added. Next, antecedent verbs contact to「~komu」may be intransitive or transitive, and each case component required by antecedent and consequent verbs coexists in one sentence without limitation. Synonyms of「~ireru」「~iru」may have a similar meaning when they are connected with the same antecedent verb such as 「~komu」. However, each compound verb has differences in introduction of implication, range of meaning and degree, and meaning of each is judged to be different. As there are subtle differences according to what compound verbs are used, it is important to use proper words according to situations. It is hoped that this study will be helpful to understand compound verbs with abundant expressive power and high productivity of Japanese compounds though they are part of compound verbs.