하곡 정제두의 양명학 수용과 사회개혁론

Abstract

ABSTRACT The Acceptance Yangming Thought and Social Reform Theory of Hagok Jung-jaedoo

Lee, Jun-Am Advisor : Prof. Jong-bum Lee Ph.D. Major in History Education Graduated School of Education, Chosun University

It seems that the period when the Yangming Thought was widely known to the public was the late period of King Myeongjong's reign and the early period of King Seonjo's reign. In Joseon at the time when the Yangming was introduced, Neo-Confucianism political consciousness was mature and academic achievements stood out unlike China. Therefore, it came up against opposition of Confucian scholars and was excluded through Joseon period. However, social contradictions increased in various fields of society due to Waeran(a Japanese invasion) and Horan(a Manchu war), in which criticism against Neo-Confucianism began to sprout. So, to solve real problems, some scholars such as Jang, Yoo and Choi, Myeong-Gil accepted the Yangmin Thought actively, which was developed by Jung, Jae-Doo(1649～1736). Jung, Jae-Doo's academic base was Neo-Confucianism. However, in the process to resolve the questions on 'Gyeokmulchiji(格物致知)' presented by young Zhu-zi's, he turned to the Yangming Thought from which he found out answers to the questions, and then established its theoretical system in his middle age. In his last days, he organized the Four Books(四書) in a perspective of the Yangming Thought. Meanwhile, Jung, Jae-Doo pointed out a few problems Joseon had at that time. He criticized reality where disputes were based on self-interest rather than righteousness and fake Neo-Confucianist who intended to borrow prestige of Zhu-zi`s. And he emphasized pursuit of utility according to circumstances by insisting that 'Kyoung(經)' and 'Kwon(權)' should be considered simultaneously. Jung, Jae-Doo came to be doubtful about Neo-Confucianism as he had a question on 'Gyeokmulchiji(格物致知)' developed by Zhu-zi`s that a reason(理) is ahead of a thing(物). Insisted that it is not right to seek for a reason(理) from a physical thing(物), he found out a clue to his doubt from ‘Simouimuri(心外無理)’ and 'Simouimumul(心外無物)' of the Yangming Thought in the process of which 'Sengri(生理)' Theory was created, a feature of the Yangming Thought developed by Jung, Jae-Doo. To wipe out the private interest that might exist in physiology, he intended to consider the essence of Sengri(生理) as jinri(眞理) to overcome the problem of ‘Imjungjongyok(任情縱欲)’. And he suggested a 'Whang-geuk-tang-pyeong(皇極蕩平)' Theory at a contest as a means to overcome the problem of party strife, insisting that the government should be reformed and evil practices of the party strife should be overcome through reinforced royal authority. He recognized the people as subjects of practice, not objects and suggested that tax system and military service system should be reformed. And he suggested that the Yangban(兩班) who lived idle based on the equality of the four classes in the country should be eliminated, the Yangban(兩班) system should be gradually destructed, the land system should be reformed and Hanjeonje(限田制) should be introduced for stable livelihood of the people and expanded national finance.