文末表現「のだ」에 關한 硏究

Abstract

「のだ」is one of the sentence-end expressions frequently used in modern Japanese. The sentence including「のだ」has a feature of nominalization, which is converted into a Japanese auxiliary verb connected formal noun「の」with「だ」. The most important thing to grasp the structural characteristics of 「のだ」is that 「のだ」is to be changed into the parallel form of noun sentence. This paper is going to study「のだ」's meanings and conditions for use related with them, and the function of 「のだ」 is divided into Scope and Morality. Before anything else, the conditions for use are presented by classifying the meaningful features into continuance, completed decision, emphasis and contrast. First, The sentences including「のだ」 can be connected with linguistic contexts and non-linguistic situations. Therefore, it is impossible to use when you verbalize unexpected situations. That is the continuance of「のだ」. Second, 「completed Decision」means it can be judged that propositions presented by「のだ」by the speakers are already completed. It includes situations not only realistic but not realistic. Third, the「のだ」sentences appel to persons to listen to their utterances positively and catch the drift. So, it seem to be confessional and appealing. These characteristics are called the emphasis of「のだ」. Fourth, 「のだ」is usually used if one possibility comes into question with another separately. 「A certain proposition is exactly Q」says it is Q , not Q' or Q". This is the contrast of 「のだ」. The function of 「のだ」in this paper is divided into Scope's「のだ」using 「のだ」according to the necessity of nominalization, and Modality's「のだ」meaning 「explanation」and so forth, by nominalizing and presenting the fore part of「の」. When we use Scope's「のだ」, the 「のだ」sentences come to have the characteristics of noun sentences by changing the form of verb sentences into noun sentences. Consequently, Scope's「のだ」is necessary to nominalize the fore part and is used to focus on speaker's intentions. It has something in common with noun sentences in that they center on the part of contrast and nominalization. Only Scope's「のだ」takes the negative form,「のではない」, and Scope's「のだ」and Modality's「のだ」follow their own functions in interrogative sentences. Like this, Scope's「のだ」is mainly used in negative and interrogative sentences but occasionally positive sentences. Modality's「のだ」expresses completed events by changing sentences to the similar form of noun sentences, and shows speaker's mental attitudes. Depending on being of listeners, it is divided into Personal Modality and Event's Modality and it is also subdivided into relevance and non-relevance of「のだ」connecting preceding context and situation(P) with aspect(Q).「のだ」's relevance is used to grasp or present Q as a reason·meaning of preceding context or situation(P).「のだ」's non-relevance is used to do only if Q is regarded as completed events without situation(P). The usage on Event's Modality, 「understanding」「interpretation」「detection」was investigated by the relation between P and Q , and the usage 「exclamation」「reperception」「resolution」by the non-relation , whereas the usage on Personal Modality,「explanation」「prediction」「expressing an idea in a different way」 was viewed by the relation, and the usage「order」「confession」「emphasis」 by the non-relation. In this paper, 「のだ」was confined to the sentence-end expressions in the aspect of semantic features and conditions for use, and was put Scope and Morality into shape in the aspect of function. 「のだ」is used in the end of sentences「のでなく(て)」「ので」「のであれば」「のでは」「のだから」「の(だろう)か、……」etc, and is also used in the middle of sentences. Diverse patterns of「のだ」used in those subordinate clauses will be discussed hereafter.