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Evaluation of reliability and monitoring capability of multipurpose CNT-CF cement composite sensor for concrete structures

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Author(s)
벳소 밀리언 타페세
Issued Date
2020
Abstract
The long-established way of examining the concrete structure requires a professional inspection to analyze the damage through visual inspection. In most cases, when further investigations are necessary, a small part of the structure will be raked and tested. However, in the past few decades, the construction industry used structural health monitoring (SHM) to achieve a higher degree of serviceability and to cut the cost of maintenance through signals from the sensors for early maintenance.
In this study, a cement composite based on carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon fiber (CFs) were examined for its capability to act like a sensor by the change of electrical resistivity. This paper follows a sequential pattern to explore and advance the potential of CNT/cement composite sensors. To make a baseline, different case studies were undertaken as a pilot study to widen the understanding of the problems. Following the result of the pilot study, which is related to the unnecessary fluctuations, a reliability study was carried out to improve the properties of the CNT/cement composite using mortar-based CNT and CFs hybrid cement composite. In this part, a new approach was used to evaluate the self-sensing capabilities of different hybrid composites using the stress-strain cycle by drying and wetting the shrinkage samples. Afterward, the specimens set to dry for an additional six months exposing them to the outside environment to investigate the healing capability. Furthermore, for detailed analyses, the mechanical properties, porosity, total deformation, and microcrack images were taken. From the result, most of the hybrid composite showed a substantial sensing capability with significant reliability.
Once the reliability study was done, the hybrid cement composite, which showed the steadiest result was selected for further investigation. Of this investigation, chloride profiling was examined using a rapid chloride migration test to understand chloride concentration and conductivity relations. Moreover, the sensors were also embedded inside mortar specimens. Furthermore, cracking and relative humidity were also examined by embedding different types of hybrid cement composite sensors inside a mortar sample to show the multifunctionality. Cracking was done under a three-point bending test embedding several sensors in one reinforced mortar specimen while investigating the relationship between the crack width and location with the conductivity, including the healing capability of the cracks. In addition, for the first time the hybrid cement composite was used as an electrode to investigate the surrounding mortar resistivity. This will add a new approach to the research area. In general, the result of the hybrid cement composite to sense chloride and crack was good. However, even though the relationship between the moisture and resistivity was good, the sensing capability was very low.|콘크리트 구조물을 진단하는 가장 일반적인 방법은 전문적인 인력이 직접 방문해 구조물의 상태를 육안 혹은 장비를 이용해 파악하는 것이다. 대부분의 경우, 장기적인 조사가 필요할 뿐 아니라 경우에 따라 구조물이 일부 손상되는 경우도 있다. 그러나 최근 몇 십년 간 건설분야에서는 구조물 안전성 모니터링 (Structural health monitoring, SHM) 기술이 개발되어 왔으며, 이를 통해 높은 정밀도의 결과를 얻을 수 있을 뿐 아니라 진단과 관련된 사회비용을 줄이는 것이 가능해졌다.
본 연구에서는 탄소나노튜브(Carbon nanotube, CNT) 및 탄소섬유(Carbon fiber, CF)를 혼입한 시멘트 복합재료의 전기저항 변화를 활용해 센서로서 사용이 가능한지에 대해 확인 하였다. 이 논문에서는 CNT 시멘트 복합재료 센서의 활용 가능성을 높이기 위해 다음의 순서에 따라 진행된 연구 결과를 정리하였다. 먼저 기초적인 성능수준을 확인 하기 위해 다양한 변수의 파일럿 실험이 진행되었다.그리고 기초결과에서의 결과값의 편차를 고려해, 이 편차를 줄이기 위한 한 방법으로 CNT 시멘트 복합재료 자체에 CF 를 같이 혼입하였으며 이에 대한 신뢰성을 확인 하였다. 이 때, 시편을 반복하여 건조 및 포화 시켜 응력-변형률 변화을 확인하였다. 이후 시편의 자기치유에 의한 전기전도도 변화를 검토하기 위해 6 개월간 추가로 외부에 폭로되었다. 그리고 물리적인 특성 및 공극, 최종변형률, 미세균열 발생여부들을 확인 하였다. 실험결과 대부분의 CNT-CF 하이브리드 복합재료가 만족할만한 신뢰성, 즉 안정적인 전기전도도 특성을 갖는 것으로 확인 되었다.
신뢰성 결과를 기반으로 가장 안정적인 하이브리드 복합재료를 이용해 추가 연구를 진행하였다. 먼저 급속 침투시험을 이용해 염소 프로파일링을 수행 하였으며, 염소농도와 전기전도도 간의 관계에 대해 검토 하였다. 또한 복합재료 센서를 콘크리트 구조를 모방한 일반 모르타르에 매립해 실험 하였다. 매립된 복합재료 센서가 모르타르 구조의 균열 및 상대습도 변화에 따라 전기전도도가 변화하는 정도에 대해 검토하였으며 이를 통해 센서의 다목적성이 확인 되었다. 3 점 재하를 통한 휨에 의해 균열이 발생한 모르타르 내에, 매립된 복수의 복합재료 센서가 그 자체 및 서로간의 전기전도도가 변화하는 형태를 확인 하였다. 이 때 균열 폭과 균열 발생 후 자기치유에 의해 전기전도도가 변화하는 정도 역시 확인 하였다. 실험결과, 염소침투 및 균열에 의해 복합재료의 전기전도도가 변화하는 정도가 큼을 확인하였으며, 동시에 상대습도에 의한 변화는 없는 것을 알 수 있었다.
Alternative Title
콘크리트 구조용 다목적 CNT-CF 시멘트 복합재료 센서의 신뢰성 및 모니터링 성능 평가
Alternative Author(s)
Bedso Million Tafesse
Affiliation
chosun university
Department
일반대학원 건축공학과
Advisor
김형기
Awarded Date
2020-08
Table Of Contents
Table of Contents i
Abstract…. x
Abstract in Korean (초록) xii

Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objective and scope of the dissertation 5
1.3 Outline of the dissertation 5

Chapter 2. An introduction to structural health monitoring: Literature review 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Structural health monitoring 7
2.2.1 Concrete and SHM 7
2.2.2 Types of sensors 11
2.2.3 Functional filler sensors 17
2.4 Previous works on crack, chloride and carbonation-literature review 21
2.4.1 Crack sensing 21
2.4.2 Chloride and carbonation Sensing 25

Chapter 3. Unwanted electrical fluctuation of CNT/cement composite using CNT as a sole agent: Pilot experiment 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Materials and methods 29
3.2.1 Materials and mix proportion (orange) 29
3.2.2 Experimental methodology 32
3.3 Results and discussion 39
3.3.1 CNT/cement mortar composite mixed with NaCl 39
3.3.2 CNT/cement composite immersed in chloride solution 44
3.3.3 Accelerated carbonation of CNT/cement composites 46
3.3.4 CNT/cement composites embedded in reinforced mortar 47
3.6 Discussion: On electrical properties fluctuation causes 49
3.7 Conclusions 60

Chapter 4. Reliability of CNT-CFs hybrid cement composite on dimensional stability and electrical stress-strain sensing capability 62
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Materials and methods 62
4.2.1 Materials and mix proportions 62
4.2.2 Experimental Methodology 67
4.2.3 Working principle of the hybrid cement composite sensor 71
4.3 Results and discussion 73
4.3.1 Preliminary study 73
4.3.2 Dimensional stability 77
4.4 Discussion 93
4.5 Conclusion 97

Chapter 5. Chloride profiling and conductivity relation of CNT-CFs hybrid cement composite following the rapid chloride penetration test and monitoring evaluation 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Materials and method 99
5.2.1 Materials and mix proportions 99
5.2.2 Experimental methodology 100
5.3 Result and discussion 103
5.3.1 Chloride profiling of hybrid cement composite 103
5.3.2 Mortar embedded hybrid cement composite sensors 113
5.3.3 BSE-SEM, EDX, and EPMA analysis 117
5.4 Discussion 120
5.5 Conclusion 124

Chapter 6. Multiple CNT-CFs hybrid cement composite sensors embedded in reinforced mortar for crack and moisture monitoring 126
6.1 Introduction 126
6.2 Materials and method 126
6.2.1 Materials and mix proportions 126
6.2.2 Experimental methodology 126
6.3 Result and discussion 129
6.3.1 Moisture monitoring 129
6.3.2 Crack monitoring 131
6.4 Discussion 142
6.4 Conclusion 146

Chapter 7. Conclusions 149
7.1 Summary 149
7.2 Recommendations 154
7.3 Future studies 155

References 157

Appendix 168
Appendix A. Glossary of electrical terms and definitions 168
Appendix B. Supplementary data of chapter 4 173
Appendix C. Supplementary data of chapter 5 179
Appendix D. Supplementary data of chapter 6 180
Acknowledgment 185
Curriculum Vitae 187
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
벳소 밀리언 타페세. (2020). Evaluation of reliability and monitoring capability of multipurpose CNT-CF cement composite sensor for concrete structures.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/14246
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000341741
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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