사회자본과 사회복지지출이 노인의 주관적 삶의 질에 미치는 영향

Abstract

This study aims at reviewing social capital measured in personal level and social policies measured as social welfare expenditure in national level on the elder's subjective quality of life by HLM and making practical and policy suggestions for promoting the elder's happiness based on them. Therefore, this study set subjective quality of life with happiness and life satisfaction and sub-elements of social capital with private interpersonal trust, social interpersonal trust, trust on social organization, trust on governmental organization, unofficial network, official network, and norms and sub-elements of social welfare expenditure with expenditure of older-age pension and bereaved pension, respectively. Personal level control variables are gender, educational attainment, marital status, religion, health status, financial status, and number of children while national level control variables include GDP per capita, unemployment rate, and income unequality. For data for personal level analysis, it is the World Value Survey(hereafter, WVS), consisting of 258 questions about politics, economics, lives, religions, welfares, and cultural values to more than 100 countries in the world usually every five year. In this study, the latest data, WVS6 database, which was released in 2016 after completing to collect the data between 2010 and 2014. For data for national level analysis, OECD's Social Expenditure Database(hereafter, SOCX) and database from the World Bank were used. The subjects of personal level analysis were the elder who are over 65-years od age, and they were total 3,297 people, and while the subjects of national level analysis were total 9 OECD countries including Australia, Germany, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, and USA. For the analysis method, using SPSS 18.0, one-way ANOVA, descriptive statistical analysis, and correlation analysis were conducted, using HML 7.0 program, hierarchial linear model(HLM) analysis was done. The result of the research questions are as follows: First, how do social capital(private interpersonal trust, social interpersonal trust, trust on social organization, trust on governmental organization, unofficial network, official network, and norms) affect the elder's subjective quality of life(happiness and life satisfaction)? As a result of reviewing the effects on the elder's happiness, when inputting personal level variables only, and when inputting additionally national level variables, as private interpersonal trust and trust on governmental organization were higher, happiness also became higher while trust on social organization had negative effects. As a result of reviewing the effects on the elder's life satisfaction, when inputting personal level variables only, as private interpersonal trust and trust on governmental organization were higher, life satisfaction became higher, while trust on social organization had negative effects, and both happiness and life satisfaction showed the same results. When inputting additionally national level variables, as private interpersonal trust was higher, life still became higher but trust on governmental organization which had positive effects, did not affect life satisfaction. For trust on social organization with negative effects, it seemed that its negative effects disappeared. Second, how do social welfare expenditure(expenditure of older age pension and bereaved pension) affect the elder's subjective quality of life? As a result of reviewing the effects of social welfare expenditure on the elder's happiness, when inputting national level variables only, as expenditure older age pension was higher, happiness became higher while expenditure of bereaved pension had negative effects. After additionally personal level variables, both expenditure of older age pension and bereaved pension did not affect happiness. The result of effects on the elder's life satisfaction showed the same results with those of happiness. Third, how do the interaction between social capital and social welfare expenditure affect the elder's subjective quality of life? As a result of the interaction between social capital and social welfare expenditure on happiness, the effects of trust on social organizations, norms, and financial status, which are personal level variables, on the elder's happiness were different depending on GDP per capita, and expenditures of older-age pension and bereaved pension, which were national level variables As a result of the interaction between social capital and social welfare expenditure on life satisfaction, the effects of social interpersonal trust, which is personal level variable, on the elder's life satisfaction were different depending on GDP per capita and unemployment rate, which were national level variables. In conclusion, it is necessary that individuals, families, local society, and nation should conduct various efforts of social policy through forming social capital and extending social welfare expenditure for the elder in order to solve the elder's mental, physical, and economical problems affecting individual persons as well as the entire society everyway