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Studies on Asymmetric Distribution of RapGAP3 during Cell Migration in Dictyostelium and Fucoidan-Mediated Cell Polarization in Osteoblasts

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Author(s)
김혜선
Issued Date
2016
Abstract
Establishment of cell polarity is mediated by a series of signaling molecules that are asymmetrically activated or localized in the cell upon extracellular stimulation. However, the molecular mechanism for differential localization of the signaling molecules in the cell in response to chemoattractant stimulation remains largely unknown. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the I/LWEQ domain in RapGAP3 is sufficient for its posterior localization in migrating cells. To understand the mechanism that mediates anterior/posterior asymmetric localization of RapGAP3 during migration, I determined the minimally required amino acids in the I/LWEQ domain that cause posterior localization and found that the minimal region of the F-actin binding domain for posterior localization could, with some additional deletion at the C-terminal, localize to the anterior. Analysis of the localization and translocation kinetics to the cell cortex of the truncated proteins suggests that the required regions for anterior/posterior localization might have a preferential binding affinity to pre-existing F-actins at the rear and lateral sides of the cell or newly formed F-actins at the front of the cell, leading to distinct differential sites of the cell. These results provide insights into asymmetric localization of the signaling molecules contributing to cell polarity formation.
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide found in brown algae, possesses various biological activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Also, it has been reported to induce the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells. Here I investigated the effects of fucoidan on the morphology and migration of osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells. Next, I investigated the effects of fucoidan on the cell growth and morphology of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells.
In osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells, I found that the effects of fucoidan on the migration of osteoblasts vary depending on the conditions under which the cells are treated. A migration assay using cells treated with fucoidan before stable attachment on plates showed slightly increased migration of fucoidan-treated cells compared to control cells, whereas wound healing experiments using stably attached cells exhibited a slightly decreased migration. The fucoidan-treated cells became shrunk and rounded and showed significantly decreased spreading and adhesion compared to control cells. F-actin was highly accumulated at the rounded cell cortex by fucoidan treatment. In study of osteosarcoma MG-63 cells, I found that fucoidan induces cell aggregation and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells when the cells are treated with fucoidan upon seeding before becoming stably attached to the plates. Typical characteristics of apoptotic cells such as chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation were observed in fucoidan-treated cells. The number of annexin V-positive cells was increased by fucoidan treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with these results, cell viability and growth rate were decreased and cell spreading was inhibited in the presence of fucoidan, leading to rounded morphological changes of the cells. These results demonstrate that fucoidan treatment results in cell aggregation through F-actin accumulation at the rounded cell cortex and apoptosis in osteosarcoma MG-63 cells.
|세포 극성화의 설립은 비대칭적으로 활성화되거나 세포 외 자극에 따라 위치되는 일련의 신호 분자들에 의해 매개된다. 그러나, chemoattractant 자극에 대한 반응으로 세포 내 신호 분자들의 차별적인 localization에 대한 분자적 기전은 크게 알려지지 않다. 최근, RapGAP3의 I/LWEQ 도메인이 이동하는 세포의 posterior localization에 충분하다는 것이 증명되었다. 이동 시 RapGAP3의 anterior/posterior의 비대칭적 localization을 매개하는 기전을 이해하기 위해서, 본 연구에서는 posterior localization의 원인이 되는 I/LWEQ 도메인의 최소한으로 필요한 아미노산을 정했고 posterior localization에 대해 C-말단에서 일부 추가적인 제거로 anterior localization 할 수 있는 F-actin binding domain의 최소한의 범위를 발견했다. truncated protein들의 cell cortex로 localization 및 translocation kinetics의 분석은 세포의 별개의 다른 지역들로 선도되는 anterior/posterior localization에 필요한 영역들이 세포의 뒷면과 측면에 기존의 F-actin 혹은 세포 앞면에서 새로 형성된 F-actin에 선택적인 결합 능력을 가질 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구는 세포 극성화 형성에 기여하는 신호 분자들의 asymmetric localization에 대한 통찰력을 제공하고자 한다.
갈조류에서 발견되는 황산다당류인 fucoidan은 항 염증과 항암 효과 등을 포함한 다양한 생물학적 활성을 가지고 있다. 또한 fucoidan은 osteoblastic cells의 differentiation과 mineralization을 유도하는 것으로 알려졌다. 본 연구에서는 osteoblasts MC3T3-E1의 형태와 이동에 대한 fucoidan의 효과를 조사하였다. 다음으로, human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells의 세포 증식과 형태에 대해 fucoidan이 미치는 영향을 조사하였다.
첫 번째 연구에서, fucoidan이 세포에 처리되는 조건에 따라 osteoblasts의 이동에 대한 fucoidan의 효과를 발견하였다. 안정적으로 부착한 세포를 이용한 wound healing assay에서는 감소된 이동을 보인 반면, 플레이트에 세포가 부착하기 전에 fucoidan이 처리된 세포의 migration assay은 대조군에 비해 fucoidan-treated cells의 이동이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. fucoidan-treated cells는 대조군에 비해 둥글고 수축하였으며 adhesion 및 spreading이 크게 감소하였다. F-actin은 fucoidan treatment에 의해 둥글어진 세포의 cortex에 축적되었다. 두 번째 연구에서, fucoidan은 osteosarcoma cells가 plates에 안정적으로 부착하기 전에 처리 될 때 cell aggregation과 apoptosis가 유도한다는 것을 발견하였다. chromatin condensation이나 nuclear fragmentation과 같은 apoptotic cells의 전형적인 특징들이 fucoidan-treated cells에서 관찰되었다. Annexin V-positive cells의 수는 fucoidan 농도 의존적으로 증가하였다. 이러한 결과에 일관되게, cell viability와 growth rate는 감소되었고 fucoidan의 존재는 cell spreading을 억제했으며, rounded morphological changes까지 초래하였다. 이러한 결과들은 osteosarcoma MG-63 세포에서 후코이단 처리는 둥글어진 세포 cortex로의 F-actin 축적과 apoptosis를 초래한다는 것을 설명한다.
Alternative Title
Dictyostelium에서 세포이동 시 RapGAP3 단백질의 비대칭적 배열과 Osteoblast에서 후코이단 매개 세포 극성화 연구
Alternative Author(s)
Kim, Hyeseon
Affiliation
조선대학교 대학원
Department
일반대학원 생명과학
Advisor
전택중
Awarded Date
2017-02
Table Of Contents
CONTENTS


LIST OF FIGURES································································ⅳ
LIST OF TABLES··································································ⅴ
ABBREVIATIONS·································································ⅵ
ABSTRACT················································································1
국문초록·······················································································3

PART I. Study on Asymmetric Distribution of RapGAP3 During Cell Migration in Dictyostelium
I. Introduction········································································6
II. Materials and Methods····················································10
II-1. Cell culture, and strains························································10
II-2. Plasmids············································································10
II-3. Chemotaxis········································································12
II-4. Image acquisition································································12
III. Results················································································13
III-1. The I/LWEQ domain in RapGAP3 required for posterior localization·······································································15
III-2. Localization analysis of the I/LWEQ domain of TalinA in migrating cells···································································16
III-3. Localization of truncated I/LWEQ domain proteins of RapGAP3 in migrating cells·······························································18
III-4. Comparison of the localizations of GFP-LD10 and GFP-LD11 with other F-actin binding proteins·······································21
III-5. Translocation of the proteins to the cell cortex upon chemoattractant stimulation·················································23
IV. Discussion··········································································25

PART II. Study on Fucoidan-Mediated Cell Polarization in Osteoblasts
I. Introduction ······································································29
II. Materials and Methods····················································31
II-1. Materials and Cell culture·····················································31
II-2. Cell viability assay······························································32
II-3. Wound healing assay···························································32
II-4. Transwell migration assay····················································33
II-5. Scanning electron microscopy···············································33
II-6. Cell adhesion & spreading assay············································34
II-7. F-actin cytoskeleton staining·················································34
II-8. Cytoskeletal fraction analysis················································35
II-9. Cell growth rate assay··························································35
II-10. Hoechst 33258 staining······················································35
II-11. Annexin V/PI staining························································36
II-12. Statistical analysis·····························································36
III. Results················································································37
III-1. Effects of fucoidan on migration in osteoblasts·······················37
III-2. Effects of fucoidan on cell morphology and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton······································································43
III-3. Fucoidan inhibits cell proliferation of MG-63 cells··················49
III-4. Osteosarcoma MG-63 cells are aggregated and rounded by fucoidan treatment·····························································51
III-5. Fucoidan Induces rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in MG-63 cells·················································································56
III-6. Fucoidan induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma MG-63 cells·······58
IV. Discussion··········································································60
Conclusion··················································································64
References··················································································65
Acknowledgements··································································69
Degree
Master
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
김혜선. (2016). Studies on Asymmetric Distribution of RapGAP3 during Cell Migration in Dictyostelium and Fucoidan-Mediated Cell Polarization in Osteoblasts.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/13034
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000265913
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 3. Theses(Master)
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