전통항아리에서 발효한 발효현미슬러리와 흑초의 생리활성 및 분자유전학적 연구

Abstract

In this study, fermented slurry (FSUR) and vinegar (FDV) of unpolished rice was evaluated respect to its antimicrobial activity and biochemical content, including the amounts of sugar, total soluble sugar, organic acids, free amino acids, pH, and physiological activity. Unpolished Rice (UR) is composed of external thin layers (bran) that enclose the embryo and endosperm. For this reason, UR has a higher nutritional quality than polished rice. Unpolished Rice is considered a healthy alternative to white rice in the fight against chronic diseases. Recently, human and animal studies have shown that consumption of UR reduces the risk of type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer, and these protective health effects have been linked to the presence of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, GABA, acylated steryl b-glucoside and c-oryzanol. In traditional Korean food, various fermentative products, including rice vinegar, Makgully, Toenjang, kimchi and chonggukchang, are consumed as health food products. Makgully is a traditional Koreans wine, produced from rice by prolonged (more than 15 days) fermentation in earthenware jars. The supernatant is Makgully, while the sediment is called Moju. Moju has been reported to appetizer for cure a hangover at restaurant. In this study, FSUR produced from unpolished rice by prolonged fermentation in earthenware jars in the same way Makgully is produced. The sediment, is called FSUR, contains large amounts of organic materials, minerals and probiotics. The effect of FSUR on antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria strains possessed strong. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of FSUR, we used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. FSUR had high antioxidant activity. FSUR was spread onto tryptic soy broth and yeast extract-peptone-dextrose agar media. The isolated microorganisms were characterized using physiological and biochemical analyses as well as by 16s rDNA sequencing and phylogenic analysis. 16s ribosomal DNA sequence analysis showed that the isolated microorganisms had high similarity to G. intermedius, Lactobacillus casei. FSUR exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria strains and fermentation strains. these strains were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica. The fermentation strains were Gluconacetobacter intermedius and lodderomyces elongisporus. Antimicrobial activity was higher for FSUR than commercial antibiotics carbenicillin and tetracycline when put against S. aureus, E. coli, L. monocytogines, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Y. enterocolitica and L. elongisporus. Fermented Dark Vinegar (FDV), a Traditional Vinegar made from unpolished rice, exhibited the highest antioxidative activity. FDV is been matured and fermented for many years in earthenware jars and has attracted attention as a health food, for example it has been reported to ameliorate colitis in mice and to have an anti-oxidative effect. In this study, as a first step to identify the active components, wich contain large amounts of organic materials and minerals. Additionally, FDV is produced via a fermentation process carried out by several microorganisms including molds, yeasts, lactic acid, and acetic acid. The antimicrobial efficiency of FDV was tested by agar diffusion method using the paper disc, and exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria and yeast strains that were tested. The antioxidant activity of FDV was also evaluated with ascorbic acid and found to have the highest activity by the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Based on 16S rDNA sequence phylogenic analysis the isolated microorganisms were identified to be Acetobacter papayae, Acetobacter pasteurianus and Acetobacter peroxidans - close phylogenetic neighbors each other. FDV even showed higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, Y. enterocolitica and L. elongisporus than carbenicillin (50ug/ml) or tetracyclin (50ug/ml) as commercial antibiotics. FDV may be a potential candidate as a therapeutic agent.