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Platinum nanoparticles induce apoptosis in Raw 264.7 cells through p53-mitochondria pathway

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Author(s)
따 티 로안
Issued Date
2013
Abstract
최근 백금나노입자(PNP)가 항산화 및 항염증 효과가 있는 것으로 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 PNP05 (5 nm 크기) 또는 PNP30 (30 nm 크기)가 대식세포인 Raw 264.7 세포에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. MTT 분석에 의하면 PNP는 Raw 264.7 세포에 강한 유독성을 보였고 입자 크기 의존적인 독성을 나타내었다. Annexin-V 및 PI 를 이용한 FACS 분석에 의하면 PNP는 Raw 264.7 세포의 증식을 억제하면서 세포사멸을 유도함을 확인할 수 있었다. 세포 증식억제에 대한 증거로 세포주기에 관련된 프로틴 (cyclin E1, cyclin D1, cyclin B1, Cdc2, cyclin A, cdk2, cdk4) 들의 발현감소, 그리고 세포사멸에 대한 증거들로 DNA 분절, western blotting에 의한 단절된 caspase-3/-7의 농도의존적 검출 등을 확인하였다. 흥미롭게도 2 µg/ml 농도의 PNP로 Raw 264.7 세포에 24 시간 처리한 경우에 cyclin E1, cyclin D1, cyclin B1, Cdc2의 발현이 농도의존적으로 감소한 반면 cyclin A, cdk2, cdk4들은 발현에는 큰 변화가 없었다. 그러나 6 µg/ml의 PNP 농도로 24 시간 처리한 경우에는 cyclin A, cdk2, cdk4의 발현도 역시 농도의존적으로 현저히 감소하였다. 또한 이들 단백들의 신호 조절 단백들인 p53 및 p21발현은 세포주기 억제 조건인 2 µg/ml 농도의 PNP 조건에서 농도의존적으로 증가하였으며 세포사멸 농도인 6 µg/ml의 PNP 농도에서는 더욱 현저히 증가되는 발현양상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 Annexin-V를 이용한 분석 결과와도 일치하며 P53에 의한 초기 세포주기 억제기등이 고농도의 PNP조건에서 세포사멸로 전환되었음을 보여준다. 또한 농도의존적인 bcl-2 발현 감소, bax 발현 증가, 세포질에서의 cytochrome c 검출, caspase-9/-3 and -7의 활성화 등의 분자적 발현 증거들은 PNP에 의한 대식세포의 세포사멸 기전이 p53-mitochondrial 경로일 것임을 추정하게 해준다.|Platinum nanoparticles (PNPs) have been recently reported to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of PNPs on Macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cells by exposing PNP05 (5 nm in size) or PNP30 (30 nm in size). The PNPs showed severe toxicity on Raw 264.7 cell in a MTT assay and the degree of toxicity was nano-particle size dependent. The growth and survival of Raw 264.7 cells were also dose-dependent. PNP-induced apoptotic evidence was observed in FACS analysis with the increased cell population binding to Annexin-V or PI. PNP-exposed cells exhibited DNA fragmentation with DNA laddering features, and apoptotic protein markers such as cleaved caspase-3/-7 were detected dose-dependently in Western Blotting. Western blotting of cell cycle related proteins revealed that the expression of cell cycle proteins were slightly decreased (cyclin D, cyclin E1, cyclin B1, Cdc2) or almost unchanged (cyclin A, cdk2, cdk4) at 2 µg/ml of PNP but further decreased at 6 µg/ml of PNP after 24 hours treatment. Furthermore, the cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry revealed that cell cycle was arrested at G2/M phase at low concentration of PNP (2 µg/ml). However, the arrest at G2/M phase was shifted into subG1 phase at high concentration of PNP (6 µg/ml). The expression of p53 and p21 which are necessary for maintaining a cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase were dramatically increased at apoptosis state. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 protein was decreased and Bax was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol, after treating with PNPs, triggered the activation of caspase-9/-3 and -7. Overall our results suggest that PNP-induced apoptotic signaling may be involved in p53-mitochondrial pathway.
Alternative Title
플라티늄 나노입자에 의한 p53-미토콘드리아 의존성 세포사멸기전 연구
Alternative Author(s)
TA THI LOAN
Affiliation
Graduate School of Chosun University, College of Dentistry
Department
일반대학원 치의생명공학과
Advisor
Yoo Hoon, Associate Professor
Awarded Date
2014-02
Table Of Contents
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ii
Abstract iii
초 록 v
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 9
2.1 Reagents 9
2.2. Cell line and cell culture 9
2.3. Cytotoxicity assay 9
2.4. Western Blot analysis 10
2.5. FACS analysis of apoptosis using Annexin V 10
2.6. Nuclear staining with DAPI 11
2.7. DNA fragmentation assay 11
2.8. Cell cycle analysis by Flow cytometry 11
2.9. Determination of cytochrome c release from Mitochondria 12
III. RESULTS 13
3.1. Cytotoxicity of PNPs on Raw 264.7 cells 13
3.2. Morphology of PNP-treated Raw 264.7 cells 15
3.3. Nucleus fragmentation by PNPs 17
3.4. PNPs induce an increase in the Annexin V binding on Raw 264.7 cells 19
3.5. PNPs induce DNA fragmentation 21
3.6. Induction of caspase activation by PNPs 23
3.7. Effect of PNP on the cell cycle regulation 25
3.7. PNP induces p53, p21 expression 27
3.8. Effects of PNP on cell cycle proteins 29
3.9. PNP induces cytochrome c release, activates caspase-9 , down-regulates Bcl2 and up-regulates Bax protein 31
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 36
REFERENCES 40
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 45

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1. Schematic representation of the main molecular pathways leading to apoptosis 3
Fig 2. Apoptosome structure 4
Fig.3. p53-mediated apoptotic signaling 5
Fig. 4. The cell cycle and its regulation by cyclins, CDKs, and CDKIs 7
Fig. 5. Cytoxicity of PNPs on Raw 264.7 cell 14
Fig. 6. Effects of PNPs on morphology of Raw 264.7 cell 16
Fig.7 . Visualization of nuclei after exposing Raw 264.7 cells to PNPs 18
Fig.8 . PNPs induced an increase in the Annexin V-binding Raw 264.7 cells. 20
Fig.9 . PNPs cause DNA laddering on Raw 264.7 cells 22
Fig.10 . PNPs induced the activation of caspase-3, -7 on Raw 264.7 cells 24
Fig. 11. Effect of PNP on cell cycle regulation 26
Fig. 12. PNP induces p53, p21 activation 28
Fig. 13. Effect of PNP on cell cycle proteins 30
Fig. 14. Effect of PNP on cytochrome c release 32
Fig.15. Effect of PNP on pro-Caspase-9 expression 33
Fig.16. Effect of PNP on Bcl2/Bax expression 35
Fig. 17. Scheme of PNP-induced apoptotic pathways 39
Degree
Master
Publisher
Graduate School of Chosun University
Citation
따 티 로안. (2013). Platinum nanoparticles induce apoptosis in Raw 264.7 cells through p53-mitochondria pathway.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/11869
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000264165
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 3. Theses(Master)
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