CHOSUN

Effects of 7-methylsulfonylheptyl isothiocyanate on skin whitening, anti-inflammation and autophagy activation

Metadata Downloads
Author(s)
조영희
Issued Date
2023
Abstract
Skin is influenced by extirinsic factors. These factors work synergistically to cause skin aging characterized by melanin hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, loss of skin elasticity, and laxity. Skin maintains cellular homeostasis by activating autophagy system that decomposes intracellular waste products and foreign invading substances. It is also known that the regulation of autophagy can affect inflammatory diseases and aging. Meanwhile, the NLRP3 inflammasome acts as an important role in regulating innate immunity. The compound 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate (7-MSI) routinely used in this study is one of phytochemicals that are abundant in cruciferous plants and is known to show anti-oxidant, -inflammatory, and -cancer effects. However, its effects on skin-lightening, skin aging, and inflammation have not yet been elucidated in detail. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate various effects of 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate on skin-lightening, anti-sikn aging, and anti-inflammation in terms of melanin synthesis, inflammatory cytokine production, inflammasome formation, and autophagy activation. When the melanoma cells (called B16-F1) co-stimulated with 10 nM of α-MSH were treated with 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate (0.5 μg/ml), the rate of melanin synthesis was decreased to roughly 63%, by comparison to that of α-MSH only group. Western blottings also showed that 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate could reduce the production of melanogenesis-related proteins, including CREB, MITF, TRP1, and tyrosinase. These results propose that 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate can decrease the production of melanin pigment by inhibiting the biochemical pathway of melanogenesis in melanoma cells. On the other hands, the inhibitory effects of 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated in macrophage cell. The results of ELSIA and RT-PCR showed that the production of TNF-α as well as the transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced in the cells treated with LPS and 7-MSI for various time periods. In addition, Western blottings (using anti-IκBα and -p-IκBα antibodies) and immunofluorescence microscopy (with anti-NF-κB antibody) showed that 7-MSI had an inhibitory effect on the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines by the suppression of NF-κB activation in macrophages. In this study, the effect of 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate on the formation of inflammasome was also examined in another macrophage cell line called RAW-ASC cell. When the cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (0.01 μg/ml), followed by ATP (1 mM) and 7-MSI (2 μg/ml), the expression levels of the components of inflammasome such as NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were all decreased as determined by Western blottings, accompanied with an approximately 80% reduction in IL-1β production as analyzed by ELISA. These results propose that 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate can suppress the formation of inflammasome in immune cells. In this study, the effect of 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate on the activation of autophagy though MAPK pathway was also investigated. Western blottings showed that 7-MSI could increase the expression of MAPK-associated proteins. In addition, the compound could decrease the expression of mTOR, whereas those of typical autophagic proteins increased, together with the increased formation of autophagosomes as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. All these results produced that 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate can activate the autophagy system through by the activation of MAPK signaling. In this study, a relationship between the autophagy system and the inflammatory response was also confirmed in melanoma (B16-F1) and macrophage (RAW-ASC) cells that were transfected with siRNAs against Atg5 and Beclin-1. In the B16-F1 cells transfected with Atg5 siRNA, the inhibitory effect of 7-MSI on melanogenesis was reduced. In RAW-ASC cells transfected with Beclin-1 siRNA, the rate of TNF-α production was increased by approximately 5% and the expression levels of the components of inflammasome were also increased. These results propose that 7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate can reduce the melanogenesis by activating cellular autophagic system as well as suppress an inflammatory response by inhibiting inflammasome formation. Taken together, the results suggest that 7-MSI can exhibit various effects, such as skin whitening, anti-skin aging, and anti-inflammation through by 1) inhibition of melanin synthesis; 2) inhibition of inflammation on account of the reduction of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the formation of inflammasomes; and 3) activation of the autophagy system through MAPK signaling. In conclusion, all results produced by this study vindivate that 7-MSI has a potential to be developed as a cosmetic material for multifunctional skin anti-aging and skin disease treatment.|피부는 흡연, 자외선, 환경 오염과 유전적 배경 등 다양한 요인에 의해 영향을 받는다. 이러한 요인들은 함께 작용하여 멜라닌 과색소 침착, 주름, 피부 탄력 저하 및 처짐을 특징으로 하는 피부노화를 유발한다. 피부는 세포 내 노폐물이나 외부 침입 물질들을 분해하는 자가포식(autophagy) 시스템을 활성화시켜 세포의 항상성을 유지한다. 또한 자가포식의 조절은 염증성 질병과 노화에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한편, NLRP3 염증소체(inflammasome)는 선천성 면역조절에 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져있다. 본 연구에서 사용한 7-MSI (7-methylsulfonylhepthyl isothiocynate)는 십자화과 식물에 풍부한 파이토케미컬(phytochemical) 중 하나로써 항산화, 항염증, 항암 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나 피부 미백 및 항노화에 대한 효과는 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 7-MSI의 피부 미백, 항노화 및 항염증에 미치는 효과를 멜라닌 생성, 염증성 사이토카인 생성, inflammasome 형성 및 autophagy 활성화를 분석하여 규명하고자 하였다. α-MSH (α-melanocyte-stimulatng hormone)를 처리하여 멜라닌 생성을 촉진시킨 흑색종 세포(B16-F1)에 7-MSI (0.5 ㎍/ml)를 72시간 처리한 결과, α-MSH만 처리한 세포에 비해 멜라닌 생성이 약 63% 감소됨을 확인하였다. 또한 7-MSI에 의한 멜라닌 생성 관련 단백질들의 발현 양상을 Western blotting으로 분석한 결과, CREB, p-CREB, MITF, tyrosinase 및 TRP1의 발현량이 모두 감소함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 7-MSI가 멜라닌 생성의 생화학적 경로를 직접 억제함으로써 멜라닌 생성을 감소시킬 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 한편, 염증성 사이토카인 생성에 대한 7-MSI의 억제 효과를 대식세포주인 Raw 264.7 세포에서 조사하였다. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)와 RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR)을 수행한 결과, 7-MSI는 interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, COX-2 및 PGE 등과 같은 전염증성 사이토카인 및 중재자들의 발현을 모두 억제할 뿐만 아니라 TNF-α 생성량도 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 또한 Western blotting (IκBα와 p-IκBα에 대한 항체 사용) 및 면역형광(NF-κB에 대한 항체 사용)을 통해 7-MSI가 NF-κB의 활성화를 억제하여 전염증성 사이토카인들의 생성을 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 또 다른 대식세포주인 RAW-ASC 세포에서 inflammasome 형성에 대한 7-MSI 효과를 조사하였다. RAW-ASC 세포에 LPS (0.01 μg/ml)를 3시간 동안 처리한 후, ATP (1 mM) 및 7-MSI (2 μg/ml)를 3시간 동안 처리하였을 때, NLRP3, ASC 및 caspase-1과 같은 inflammasome 구성요소들의 발현이 감소됨을 Western blotting으로 확인하였으며, IL-1β 생성은 약 80% 감소됨을 ELSIA로 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 7-MSI가 면역 세포에서 inflammasome 형성을 억제할 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구에서는 또한 MAPK 신호전달을 통한 autophagy 활성화에 미치는 7-MSI의 영향을 조사하였다. Western blotting 결과, 7-MSI에 의해 p-p38, p-ERK 및 p-JNK를 포함한 MAPK-관련 단백질의 발현이 증가됨을 확인하였다. 또한, 7-MSI는 mTOR (autophagy의 음성조절자)의 발현을 감소시킨 반면, Beclin-1, Atg12 및 LC3-II의 발현은 증가시킴을 확인하였다. 면역형광 결과는 7-MSI에 의해 autophagosome의 형성이 증가됨을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과들은 7-MSI가 MAPK의 활성화를 통해 autophagy 시스템을 활성화시킬 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 Atg5 및 Beclin-1에 대한 small interfering RNA (siRNA)를 도입한 흑색종(B16-F1) 및 대식세포(RAW-ASC) 세포에서 atuophagy 시스템과 염증반응과의 관련성을 조사하였다. Atg5 siRNA가 도입된 B16-F1 세포에서는 멜라닌 생성에 대한 7-MSI의 억제 효과가 감소됨을 확인하였으며, Becelin-1 siRNA가 도입된 RAW-ASC 세포에서는 TNF-α 생성량이 약 5% 증가한 반면, NLRP3 및 ASC의 발현에 대한 7-MSI의 억제 효과는 감소됨을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 7-MSI가 atuophagy를 활성화시켜 멜라닌 생성을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 inflammasome 형성을 억제하여 염증반응을 저하시킬 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 이상의 결과들은 7-MSI가 1) 멜라닌 합성 억제, 2) 전염증성 사이토카인의 발현 및 inflammasome 형성 억제를 통한 염증반응의 감소, 3) MAPK 신호를 통한 autophagy 시스템 활성화를 통해 미백, 피부 노화방지 및 항염증 등의 다양한 효과를 지니고 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 얻은 결과들은 7-MSI가 다기능 피부 항노화 화장품 소재 및 피부질환 치료제로 개발될 수 있는 가능성을 지니고 있음을 보여준다.
Alternative Title
피부미백, 항염증 및 autophagy 활성화에 미치는 7-methylsulfonylheptyl isothiocynate의 영향
Alternative Author(s)
Yeong Hee Cho
Affiliation
조선대학교 일반대학원
Department
일반대학원 글로벌바이오융합학과
Advisor
이정섭
Awarded Date
2023-02
Table Of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES iv
ABSTRACT vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14
2-1. Materials 14
2-2. Cell culture 14
2-3. Cell viability assay 15
2-4. Melanin content measurement 15
2-5. Western blot analysis 16
2-6. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 17
2-7. Total RNA purification and cDNA synthesis 17
2-8. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 18
2-9. Immunostaining for confocal microscopic analysis 18
2-10. Caspase-1 activity assay 19
2-11. Transfection of siRNA into B16-F1 and RAW-ASC cells 20
2-12. Statistical analysis 20

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21
3-1. Effects of 7-MSI on skin whitening 21
3-1-1. Effect of 7-MSI on cell survival in murine melanoma cell line (B16-F1) 21
3-1-2. Inhibitory effects of 7-MSI on melanogenesis in B16-F1 cells 21
3-1-3. Inhibitory effects of 7-MSI on melanin synthesis in B16-F1 cells 24
3-2. Effect of 7-MSI on inflammatory response 24
3-2-1. Effect of 7-MSI on cell survival in murine macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7) 24
3-2-2. Effects of 7-MSI on TNF-α production in Raw 264.7 cells 27
3-2-3 Effects of 7-MSI on the transcription levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines in Raw 264.7 cells 27
3-2-4. Effects of 7-MSI on IκB phosphorylation in Raw 264.7 cells 30
3-2-5. Confocal microscopic analysis of the inhibition of NF-κB activation by 7-MSI in Raw 264.7 cells 30
3-2-6. Effect of 7-MSI on NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW-ASC cells 33
3-2-7. Effect of 7-MSI on the transcription levels of NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW-ASC cells 33
3-2-8. Confocal microscopic analysis of the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome formation by 7-MSI in RAW-ASC cells 36
3-2-9. Inhibitory effects of 7-MSI on caspase-1 activity in RAW-ASC cells 36
3-2-10. Inhibitory effects of 7-MSI on IL-1β production in RAW-ASC cells 39
3-3. Inhibitory effects of 7-MSI on melanogenesis and inflammatory response through the cellular activation of autophagy 42
3-3-1. Effect of 7-MSI on MAPK signaling in B16-F1 cells 42
3-3-2. Activation of cellular autophagy by 7-MSI in B16-F1 cells 42
3-3-3. Formation of autophagosomes by 7-MSI in B16-F1 cells 43
3-3-4. Effect of siRNAs against Atg5 on the production of melanin synthesis 46
3-3-5. Effects of 7-MSI on MAPK signaling pathway in Raw 264.7 cells 48
3-3-6. Activation of cellular autophagy by 7-MSI in Raw 264.7 cells 48
3-3-7. Formation of autophagosomes by 7-MSI in Raw 264.7 48
3-3-8. Effect of siRNAs against Atg5 and Beclin-1 on the TNF-α production in RAW-ASC cells 51
3-3-9. Effect of siRNAs against Atg5 and Beclin-1 on the NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW-ASC cells 54

4. 적 요 58

5. REFERENCES 61
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
조영희. (2023). Effects of 7-methylsulfonylheptyl isothiocyanate on skin whitening, anti-inflammation and autophagy activation.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/18545
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000662156
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
Authorize & License
  • AuthorizeOpen
  • Embargo2023-02-24
Files in This Item:

Items in Repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.