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Anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects of ent-kaurane diterpenoid on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

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Author(s)
NGUYEN THI KIEU TRANG
Issued Date
2021
Abstract
Ent-18-acetoxy-7β-hydroxy Kaur-15-oxo-16-ene (CRT1) is a bioactive ent-kaurane diterpenoid extracted from Croton tonkinensis, a traditional herbal plant in Vietnam. We investigated antitumor effect of CRT1 on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its anti-inflammatory effect on mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. CRT1 significantly decreased the cell viability of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, suppressing cell proliferation and inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis with low half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 of 3.15 µM on YD15 and 2.38 µM on YD38). CRT1 suppressed the expressions of various cyclin-dependent proteins to inhibit cell cycle progression. At lethal dose (above 2.76 µM), CRT1 stimulated the release of reactive oxygen species damaging mitochondrial membranes and DNA and also activated executioner caspases causing apoptosis. In addition, cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis were inhibited by the downregulated expression of integrin family, MMP9 and p-FAK. Remarkably, CRT1 showed effects on multiple signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathway, which are intracellular signal transduction pathways controlling cell metabolism, survival, proliferation and apoptosis in response to the extracellular stressors. CRT1 significantly downregulated the expression of key molecules involved in PI3K pathway such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT/protein kinase B and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor). For mitogen-activated protein kinases, three sub-families (c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated kinase (p38), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2)) were reacted differently under CRT1 treatment. ERK1/2 were over-phosphorylated and activated while JNK and p38 remained unchanged after CRT1 exposure. The co-treatment of CRT1 and ERK inhibitor at tolerable doses effectively decreased the expression of p-ERK and attenuated apoptosis, suggesting that CRT1-induced apoptosis was through the activation of ERK cascade.
CRT1 also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects on mouse macrophage cells. In LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, CRT1 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by regulating PPARγ and Nrf2 signaling to promote the transcription of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) for the protection against exogenous LPS stimuli. Through the inhibition of transcriptional factor NF-κB p65’s nuclear translocation and suppression of MAPK activation, CRT1 attenuated excessive production of inducible enzymes (iNOS, COX2) and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNFα). Under the stimulation of LPS, pro-inflammatory cytokines released to trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were significantly inhibited by CRT1. In addition, the LPS-induced reduction of essential cell cycle checkpoints of Cdks and Cyclins was restored to normal. Therefore, CRT1 can be a promising candidate as an anti-tumor and anti-inflammation agent.|Ent-18-acetoxy-7β-hydroxy Kaur-15-oxo-16-ene (CRT1)은 베트남에 자생하는 허브 Croton tonkinensis에서 추출한 생리 활성 ent-kaurane diterpenoid이다. 최근 다양한 유도체의 항종양, 항염증, 조골세포의 분화억제 및 SIRT1 발현억제에 관해 보고되었다. 본 논문에서는 두경부 편평세포 암에 대한 CRT1의 항종양 효과와 대식세포 RAW 264.7에 대한 CRT1의 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. CRT1은 여러 암세포 유형들의 세포 생존을 크게 억제하였다. 특히 두경부 편평세포 암종에서 CRT1은 YD15에서 3.15 μM 및 YD38에서 2.38 μM의 IC50 로 세포 증식의 억제와 caspase의존적으로 세포사멸을 유도했다. 또한 CRT1은 사이클린 의존성 단백질의 발현을 억제하여 세포주기 진행을 억제하였다. 치사용량에서 CRT1은 활성 산소의 방출을 자극하여 미토콘드리아 막과 DNA 손상 및 세포 사멸에 관여하는 카스파제의 활성화를 유도하였다. 한편, CRT1 처리하에서 인테그린, MMP9 및 p-FAK의 하향 조절 발현이 확인되었으며 세포이동, 침입 및 혈관형성도 억제되었다. CRT1은 세포 내 신호전달 경로 인 PI3K/MAPK 경로를 통해 세포 증식, 생존, 사멸에 관여하였다. 즉 CRT1은 포스파티딜 이노시톨 3- 키나제 (PI3K)/AKT (단백질 키나제 B)/mTor을 포함하는 PI3K 경로의 주요 단백 발현을 하향 조절하였다. 또한 MAPK(Mitogen-activated protein kinases) 경로의 sub-family인 ERK, JNK, p38의 발현에 다르게 반응하였다. 즉 ERK1/2는 CRT1 처리하에서 과인산화 되어 활성화되었으나 JNK와 p38의 발현은 영향이 없었다. CRT1과 ERK 억제제를 함께 처리하면 p-ERK의 발현이 다시 감소하였고 CRT1에 의해 유도되었던 세포사멸이 완화되었다. 즉 CRT1은 ERK 신호경로 활성화를 통하여 두경부 편평 암세포의 사멸에 관여하였다. LPS 처리한 대식세포(RAW 264.7)에서 CRT1은 해독 유전자인 SOD-1의 전사를 촉진하기 위해 Nrf2 및 PPARγ 발현을 조절하여 항염증 효과를 보였다. 또한 전사인자 NF-κB p65의 핵이동을 억제하였고 iNOS, COX2 및 IL-1β, TNFα, NO와 같은 염증성 cytokine의 발현을 억제하였다. LPS 조건에서 염증과 종양 형성에 관여하는 활성산소종(ROS)의 생성역시 낮은CRT1 농도 (3.43μM)에서 현저하게 억제되었다. 염증 매개체와 생리적 스캐빈저 사이의 불균형이 CRT1에 의해 완화되었고 세포주기의 중요 체크포인트가 CRT1 처리하에서 정상수준으로 회복되었다. 따라서 CRT1은 구강암의 억제 및 염증성 질환의 치료에 적용 가능성이 있는것으로 사료된다.
Alternative Title
두경부 편평세포 암종에 대한 ent-kaurane diterpenoid의 항암 및 항염증 작용 연구
Alternative Author(s)
티 기우 짱 응구엔
Affiliation
조선대학교 일반대학원
Department
일반대학원 치의생명공학과
Advisor
유훈
Awarded Date
2021-08
Table Of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES iii
Abstract iv

I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma epidemiology and pathophysiology 1
1.2. Genomic alteration and key signaling pathways in HNSCC 2
1.3. HNSCC metastasis 3
1.4. HNSCC prognosis and treatment 5
1.5. CRT1 extraction and characterization 7
1.6. Biological activities of CRT1 7

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14
2.1. Chemicals and antibodies 14
2.2. Cell lines and cell culture 14
2.3. CRT1 preparation 15
2.4. MTT assay 15
2.5. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry 15
2.6. Wound healing assay 16
2.7. Migration and invasion assay 16
2.8. Western blotting 17
2.9. Immunofluorescence imaging 17
2.10. Nuclear and cytoplasmic protein extraction 18
2.11. JC-1 staining 18
2.12. ROS generation assay 19
2.13. IL-1β ELISA assay 19
2.14. Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Angiogenesis Assays 19
2.15. Statistical analysis 20

III. RESULTS 21
3.1. Antitumor effects of CRT1 on HNSCC 21
3.1.1. CRT1 inhibited cell proliferation of various cancer cells 21
3.1.2. CRT1 reduced the expressions of cell cycle proteins and induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase 23
3.1.3. CRT1 changed cell morphology and activated caspase cascade 26
3.1.4. CRT1 induced apoptosis by both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways 28
3.1.5. CRT1 induced ROS generation and DNA double-strand damage 30
3.1.6. CRT1 suppressed cell migration and invasion through MMP9/integrinα4/FAK pathway 32
3.1.7. CRT1 inhibited angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay 35
3.1.8. CRT1 inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTor pathway 37
3.1.9. CRT1 regulated MAPK pathway 39
3.2. Anti-inflammation effects of CRT1 on RAW 264.7 cells 42
3.2.1. LPS induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells without affecting cell viability 42
3.2.2. CRT1 inhibited the activation of inflammatory mediators and IL-1β secretion 44
3.2.3. CRT1 inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation induced by LPS 46
3.2.4. CRT1 inhibited ROS regeneration by activating Nrf2 and PPARγ pathway 48
3.2.5. Anti-inflammatory effect of CRT1 was implicated by crosstalk of multiple pathways 51

IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 53

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 58

REFERENCES 59
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
NGUYEN THI KIEU TRANG. (2021). Anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects of ent-kaurane diterpenoid on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/16998
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000501639
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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