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Intracellular Targeting Mechanisms of Novel Multifunctional Peptides from Bacillus Genera Reveals Diverse Biological Insights

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Author(s)
앰디마러프 칸
Issued Date
2021
Keyword
Cyclic lipopeptide, antimicrobial, antioxidant, mechanism, antibiofilm
Abstract
The present study reports that many fermented foods have both nutritional and non-nutritional elements, which can modulate complex molecular functions that are important to the consumer's well-being and health. However, in various regions of the world, about 90% of naturally fermented foods and alcoholic beverages are still dependent on traditionally home-made processing. Fermented foods and beverages contain microorganisms that are both functional and non-functional. During fermentation, active microorganisms change the chemical constitutions of animal/plant source materials, thereby improving nutrient bioavailability, sensory food quality, bio-preservative effects and improving food safety and the degradation of toxins anti-nutritional ingredients, creating antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds, stimulating food safety.

In this dissertation, we report the isolation, purification, and complete biochemical characterization of novel peptide MS07 and MS15 from the strain Bacillus siamensis CBSMS07 and Bacillus velezensis CBSMS15, respectively, isolated from Korean traditional fermented food kimchi. In addition, we studied antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity mechanism study of MS07. Moreover, upon on confirmation of the novelty of peptide MS15, we studied the antimicrobial and antioxidant mechanism study through Nrf2 mediated HO-1 pathway of MS15.

Efforts to isolate a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from microbial sources have been on the rise recently. Here we report the identification, optimization of culture conditions, and characterization of an efficient AMP from Bacillus strain designated MS07 that exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The production of MS07 was maximized by evaluating the culture conditions by response surface methodology to get optimum media compositions. The biochemical integrity of MS07 was assessed by a bioassay indicating inhibition at ~6 kDa, like tricine SDS-PAGE. MALDI-TOF confirmed molecular weight, and purity stated the presence of a molecular mass of 6.099 kDa. Peptide MS07 exhibited its antimicrobial activity counter to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The MIC of MS07 for Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis, MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranged from 16-32 µg/mL, demonstrating superior potency. The count of biomass was diminished by about 15% and 11%, with rising concentrations up to 8× MIC with P. aeruginosa and E. coli biofilm, separately. MS07 exhibited 8 µM and 6 µM minimum bactericidal concentration on biofilm counter to the gram-negative strain P. aeruginosa, and E. coli biofilm, respectively. Peptide MS07 was reduced and interrupted the biofilm development in a concentration- reliant by a Backlight live/dead stain using confocal microscopy. MS07 was shown to bind to membranes and to depolarize them. Against Gram-negative bacteria, peptide MS07 lipopeptides have superior antimicrobial activity. Overall, this study lays the groundwork for the development of MS07 to treat life-threatening infections as a new generation of novel lipopeptide antibiotics.

The efficient culture and purification of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), along with intense antioxidant activity, have drawn the interest to study antioxidant activity mechanism. We report the culture conditions optimization, efficient biosynthesis, and purification of an antioxidant peptide MS15 from Bacillus velezensis obtained from fermented food that would generate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and lead to nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation. We explored the ability of kinetics and potency for the bacterial killing to work against various pathogenic bacteria. The MIC of MS15 ranged from 2.5–160 μg/mL for many pathogenic bacteria, showing greater potency. In macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, MS15 was exposed to assess its inhibitory effect against the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oxidative stress. In the sample treated group, the translation, and transcriptional levels of CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), and SOD (superoxide dismutase) were significantly greater. In short, MS15 has significant antioxidant properties, reducing ROS production in RAW 264.7 cells, and raising the translation and transcriptional rates of antioxidant enzymes with stimulating HO-1 induction facilitated by Nrf2.

The current study aimed to isolate and purify a cytoprotective antioxidant peptide that acts against oxidative damage. To realize its activity counter to numerous pathophysiological disorders related to oxidative stress, we tried to verify by studying its antioxidant mechanism.

This study indicates that MS07 and MS15 could be candidates for natural antibiotics, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and probiotics, respectively. A promising antimicrobial candidate for therapeutic application may be regulated by peptide MS07. It also indicates that probiotics such as Bacillus velezensis CBS15 peptide MS15 could be used as natural foods and avoid oxidation reactions in food processing.|최근 다양한 연구를 통하여 발효식품들은 보통 영양학적 가치가 있는 다양한 성분을 포함하고 있어 소비자의 건강에 있어 중요하고 복잡한 생리적 기능을 조절하고 있음을 보고하고 있다. 한 편 여러 지역에서 생산되는 발효식품 및 알코올 음료의 약 90%는 집에서 만들 수 있는 전통적인 가공방식을 사용하고 있다. 이때 발효식품과 알코올 음료에는 기능성과 비기능성을 갖춘 다양한 미생물이 분리되는데, 발효 중에 역할을 하는 미생물은 동물/식물원료의 화학적 구성을 변화시켜 영양소 생체이용률, 생물보존효과를 향상시키고 식품안전성과 독소성분 분해효율을 향상시켜 항균물질 및 항산화물질을 생성하고 식품의 안전성에 기여한다.

본 논문에서는 한국의 전통 발효식품인 김치에서 분리한 Bacillus siamensis CBSMS07 과 Bacillus velezensis CBSMS15 균주를 통해 이들이 생산하는 기능성 펩타이드 MS07과 MS15를 분리하였으며 펩타이드의 정제 및 수준높은 생화학적 특성 등을 보고하고 있다. 또한 MS07의 항균필름과 항균활동 메커니즘 연구를 진행하였으며, 펩타이드 MS15의 생화학적 기능성 확인과 함께 펩타이드MS15의 Nrf2 매개 HO-1 경로를 통해 항균 및 항산화 메커니즘 연구를 연구하였다.

최근들어 미생물 공급원으로부터 광범위한 항균 펩타이드(AMP)를 분리하려는 노력이 증가하고 있다. 이러한 연구에 발맞춰 항균 및 항균필름 활동을 보인 MS07로 명명된 바실러스 균주의 효율적인 AMP 분리, 배양 조건의 최적화 및 특성화에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. MS07의 생산은, 최적배지 조성을 확인하기 위해 다양한 배양 조건을 평가하였으며, MS07의 생화학적 분리는 tricine SDS-PAGE를 통해 약 6 kDa에서 단일 밴드를 확인하였다. 또한 MALDI-TOF를 통해 6.099 kDa의 분자량과 Purity를 확인하였다. 미생물 유래 항균펩타이드인 MS07은 그램 양성 박테리아와 그램 음성 박테리아 모두에 대응할 수 있는 항균활성을 보였으며 특히 Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis, MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 대한 MS07의 MIC는 16-32µg/mL로 비교적 우수한 활성을 보였다. Biomass 수치는 P. aeruginosa와 E. coil 에 대응하여 바이오필름의 경우 최대 8배까지 농도가 상승하면서 약 15%, 11% 감소했다. MS07은 그람 음성균주인 P. aeruginosa와 E. coil의 바이오필름에 대해 각각 8µM과 6µM의 최소 억제 농도를 바이오필름 카운터에서 확인할 수 있었다. MS07은 confocal microscopy를 활용한 concentration-reliant by a Backlight live/dead stain에서 바이오필름의 생성의 억제를 확인하였다. 전반적으로, 본 연구는 생명을 위협하는 감염병으로부터 lippo-펩타이드를 활용한 새로운 세대의 항생제인 MS07 개발의 토대를 제공하고 있다.

최근들어 항균 펩타이드(AMP)의 효율적인 배양과 정제는 강력한 항산화 활성과 함께 항산화 활성 메커니즘을 연구함에 있어서 관심을 끌고 있는데, Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)을 생성하여 핵인자 에리트로이드 2 관련 인자-2(Nrf2) 핵번역을 유도하는 항산화 펩타이드 MS15의 배양조건 최적화, 효율적인 생합성 및 정제에 관하여 보고하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 확인할 수 있는 광범위한 항균활성은 다양한 병원성 박테리아에 대항할 수 있는 동력학적 및 항균활성을 연구하였다. 특히 MS15의 MIC는 많은 병원성 박테리아에 대해 2.5~160μg/mL로 넓은 범위에서 활성을 보임으로써 그 가능성을 입증하였다. 대식세포인 RAW264.7 Cell에서 MS15는 산화 스트레스에서 반응성 산소종(ROS) 생성에 대한 억제 효과를 확인하였는데, 샘플 처리 그룹인 CAT(카탈라제), GPx(글루타티온페록시디제), SOD(과산화디푸타제)의 활성 수준이 현저히 높았다. 요컨대 MS15는 항산화 성질이 유의하여 RAW264.7세포에서 ROS생성을 감소시키고 Nrf2가 촉진하는 자극적인 HO-1유도를 통해 항산화효소의 활성을 상승시키는것으로 추측해볼 수 있다.

이번 연구는 산화기전 대해 대응할 수 있는 항산화 펩타이드의 분리와 정제를 목표로 하고있다. 산화 스트레스와 관련된 수많은 병태생리학적 장애에 대항하는 활동을 실현하기 위해 항산화 메커니즘을 연구하여 검증하려고 노력하였다.

본 연구는 MS07과 MS15가 각각 천연 항생제, 항균제, 항산화제 및 프로바이오틱스등의 우수한 후보소재로서의 가능성을 타진하고 있다. 치료제 적용을 위한 유망한 항균제 후보물질은 펩타이드 MS07로 제시될 수 있으며, Bacillus velezensis CBS15펩타이드 MS15와 같은 프로바이오틱스를 자연식품으로 사용할 수 있고 식품가공에서 산화반응을 억제할 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.
Alternative Title
Bacillus genera 균주 유래 기능성 펩타이드의 새포내 표적 메커니즘 및 생물학적 이해
Alternative Author(s)
Md Maruf Khan
Department
일반대학원 약학과
Advisor
유진철
Awarded Date
2021-02
Table Of Contents
List of Tables xii
List of Figures xiii
Abstract xv
Abstract (Korean) xix
Abbreviations xxiv

1. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 01
1.1. Antibiotic discovery and the emergence of antibiotic resistance 02
1.2. Alternatives to conventional antibiotics 05
1.3. Bioactive peptide 05
1.4. Antimicrobial peptides 06
1.5. Antioxidant peptides 06
1.6. Structure of AMPs 07
1.7. Bacteriocins 09
1.8. Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 10
1.9. Production of peptides 10
1.9.1. Enzymatic hydrolysis 11
1.9.2. Microbial fermentation 12
1.10. Fermentation food of Korea 13
1.11. Kimchi fermentation and its microorganisms 16
1.12. AMP modes of action 17
1.13. Bacterial resistance mechanisms to AMPs 20
1.14. Other limitations of AMPs as therapeutic agents 23
1.15. The importance of the microbiota 25
1.16. Rationale and approach undertook in this thesis 27
AIMS AND OUTLINE OF THIS THESIS 28

2. CHAPTER TWO: THE STRAIN CBSMS07 AND PURIFICATION OF MS07 30
2.1. INTRODUCTION 31
2.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 33
2.2.1. Materials 33
2.2.2. Bacterial isolates and nutrition media 33
2.2.3. Bioprocess design and optimization by RSM 34
2.2.4. Purification of peptide MS07 36
2.2.5. Tricine-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and bioassay 37
2.2.6. Intact molecular weight determination by MALDI-TOF 38
2.2.7. Stability and solubility of peptide MS07 38
2.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38
2.3.1. Strain identification and culture media 38
2.3.2. Box-Behnken design and response surface analysis 40
2.3.3. Purification and molecular weight determination of MS07 41
2.3.4. Molecular weight determination by MALDI-TOF 43
2.3.5. Stability and solubility study of MS07 45
2.4. CONCLUSION 45

3. CHAPTER THREE:THE STRAIN CBSMS15 AND PURIFICATION OF MS 1546
3.1. INTRODUCTION 47
3.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 48
3.2.1. Materials 48
3.2.2. In Vitro Process of Isolation, screening, and Culture Media Optimization 48
3.2.3. Optimizations of Culture Media Design by Response Surface Methodology and Statistical Analysis 50
3.2.4. Culture and Purification of Peptide MS15 51
3.2.5. Electrophoresis with Tricine SDS-PAGE and Bioassay (in Situ) Analysis 52
3.2.6. MALDI-TOF/MS for Molecular Weight Determination 52
3.2.7. pH and Thermal Stability of MS15 52
3.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 53
3.3.1. Strain Isolation and Identification 53
3.3.2. Experimental Design and Box-Behnken Analysis by Response Surface Methodology 53
3.3.3. Culture Media, Purification, and Molecular Weight Resolve of MS15 56
3.3.4. Mass Spectroscopy Analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS 58
3.3.5. Stability Analysis of MS15 58
3.4. CONCLUSION 59

4. CHAPTER FOUR: ANTIBIOFILM & ANTIMICROBIAL MECHANISM STUDY OF MS07 60
4.1. INTRODUCTION 61
4.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 64
4.2.1. Antimicrobial inhibitory spectrum 64
4.2.2. Time kill kinetics assay 65
4.2.3. Synergism of peptide MS07 with Melittin 66
4.2.4. Antibiofilm properties of peptide MS07 66
4.2.5. Viability assesses of biofilm cells interpreted with MS07 67
4.2.6. Inhibition of bacterial biofilm imaging by confocal microscopy 68
4.2.7. Time-kill assay 69
4.2.8. Effect of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding peptide MS07 69
4.2.9. Binding of peptide MS07 with LPS and Gram-negative bacteria 70
4.2.10. Preparation of Liposomes and binding to phospholipid bilayer 70
4.2.11. Membrane leakage by ANTX/DPX by lipopeptide MS07 71
4.2.12. Membrane assays 72
4.2.13. Hemolytic assay against red sheep blood cells 73
4.2.14. In vitro cytotoxicity assay 74
4.2.15. Flow cytometry 74
4.2.16. Confocal microscopy 75
4.2.17. Evaluation of Ultrastructure by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 75
4.3. RESULTS 76
4.3.1. Antimicrobial spectrum, time-kill kinetics assay, and synergistic effect of MS07 76
4.3.2. Antibiofilm activity of peptide MS07 79
4.3.3. Viability assays of biofilm cells treated with MS07 79
4.3.4. Anti-biofilm action of peptide MS07 over confocal microscopy 80
4.3.5. Time kill Assay 81
4.3.6. Lipopolysaccharides antagonize MS07 activity 83
4.3.7. MS07 binds to the LPS of the outer cell membrane 83
4.3.8. Effect of Lipopeptide on Outer Membrane Permeability NPhenyl- 1-naphthylamine (NPN) Assay 84
4.3.9. Membrane depolarization 3,30-Dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diSC3-5) assay 84
4.3.10. Leakage from Lipid Vesicles Induced by Lipopeptide 86
4.3.11. Hemolytic Activity and Cytotoxicity 87
4.3.12. Flow cytometry and confocal laser-scanning microscopy 88
4.3.13. Transmission Electron Microscopy 89
4.4. DISCUSSION 90
4.5. APPLICATION OF CYCLIC PEPTIDE 93
4.6. CONCLUSION 94

5. CHAPTER FIVE: ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISM STUDY OF MS15 95
5.1. INTRODUCTION 96
5.1.1. Environmental stress and factors 97
5.1.2. ROS and its complication in humans 97
5.1.3. Role of exogenous antioxidants in oxidative stress 99
5.1.4. Antioxidant peptides from fermented food kimchi 101
5.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 102
5.2.1. Evaluation of antimicrobial succesptibility 102
5.2.2. Bacterrial killing kinetics assay of peptide MS15 103
5.2.3. DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) Radical Scavenging Capability Assay 103
5.2.4. ABTS (2,2’-Azino-bis (3-Ethylbenzthiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid)) Radical Scavenging Capability Assay 104
5.2.5. Superoxide Radical Scavenging Capability Assay 104
5.2.6. FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) Activity Assay 105
5.2.7. CUPRAC (Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) Activity Assay 105
5.2.8. ORAC (Oxygen Radicle Absorbance Capacity) Assay 105
5.2.9. Cellular NO (Nitric Oxide) Measurement in RAW 264.7 Cells 106
5.2.10. Intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) Measurement in RAW 246.7 Cells 106
5.2.11. Cell Culture and Cell Cytotoxicity Assay 107
5.2.12. Western Blot Analysis with Cell Lysates 107
5.2.13. RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) Assay 108
5.2.14. Statistical Analysis 109
5.3. RESULTS 109
5.3.1. Assessment of Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Time-kill Kinetics Analyses 109
5.3.2. Radical Scavenging Activity Assay 111
5.3.3. Radical Power Measurement Assay 112
5.3.4. Cell Viability Assay 114
5.3.5. ROS Measurement and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Assay 114
5.3.6. Effects of MS15 on Antioxidant Enzyme in RAW264.7 Cell 115
5.4. DISCUSSION 117
5.5. CONCLUSION 121

6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 122

7. REFERENCES 125

8. LIST OF PUBLICATION 141

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 142
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교 대학원
Citation
앰디마러프 칸. (2021). Intracellular Targeting Mechanisms of Novel Multifunctional Peptides from Bacillus Genera Reveals Diverse Biological Insights.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/16778
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000373188
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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