CHOSUN

The Role of Sestrin2 as a Novel Therapeutic Target for the Liver Diseases

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Author(s)
양지혜
Issued Date
2014
Abstract
A variety of diseases have been linked with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are mainly produced in the mitochondria as by-products of normal respiration and play a crucial role in the cell signaling pathways that control cellular homeostasis. Excessive ROS are promptly destroyed in the cell by a sophisticated antioxidant defense mechanism. At the molecular level, a series of studies have shown that oxidative stress is commonly induced in all forms of chronic liver injury and plays a crucial role in hepatic fibrogenesis and cancer development. It was recently reported that the sulfiredoxin (Srx) system plays an important role in antioxidant defense through catalysis of the reduction of cysteine sulfinicacid of hyperoxidized peroxired oxinsresulting in regeneration of peroxiredoxin. Sestrins were recently identified, and they also have cysteine sulfinyl reductase activity and modulate peroxide signaling and anti oxidant defense.
However, the role of Sesn2 in acute hepatitis and the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis remains obscure.
First, we investigated whether Sesn2 regulates Toll like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory signaling and sought to identify the molecular mechanism responsible. In cells expressing Sesn2, it was found that Sesn2 almost completely inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO release and iNOS expression. A gene knockdown experiment confirmed the role of Sesn2 in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Consistently, pro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1b release and expression were inhibited in Sesn2-expressing cells. Furthermore, Sesn2 prevented LPS-elicited cell death and ROS production via inhibition of NADPH oxidase. NF-kB and AP-1 are redox-sensitive transcription factors that regulate the expressions of diverse inflammatory genes. Surprisingly, Sesn2 specifically inhibited AP-1 luciferase activity and its DNA binding, but not those of NF-kB. AP-1 inhibition by Sesn2 was found to be due to a lack of JNK, p38 and c-Jun phosphorylation. Next, we investigated whether Sesn2 protects galactosamine (Gal)/LPS-induced liver injury in mice infected with a recombinant adenovirus Sesn2 (Ad-Sesn2). Ad-Sesn2 present less severe hepatic injury as supported by decreases in the ALT, AST and hepatocyte degeneration. Moreover, Ad-Sesn2 attenuated Gal/LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression in mice. The study shows that Sesn2 inhibits TLR-induced pro-inflammatory signaling and protects cells by inhibiting JNK or p38-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation.
Next, we investigated whether Sesn2 protects fibrogenesis in cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSC) or in chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-or bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatic fibrosis mice. Here, we found that Sesn2 is up-regulated during HSC activation and antagonized TGF-beta/Smad signaling. Furthermore, recombinant adenovirus Sens2 (Ad-Sesn2) administration showed less severe hepatic injury and fibrosis in CCl4-or BDL-induced fibrotic mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that Sesn2 protects hepatic fibrogenesis and fibrosis via inhibition TGF-beta/Smad signaling.
Finally, we investigate the effect of isorhamnetin on Sesn2 activation through a concomitant up-regulation of Nrf2 activity. Furthermore, isorhamnetin significantly induced intracellular GSH levels and reduced ROS production and cell death induced by t-BHP. In addition, our data showed that isorhamnetin inhibits acute inflammatory response in Raw264.7 cells. Consistently, isorhamnetin inhibited iNOS expression and NO production in LPS-activated macrophages. It is well known that long-term treatment with LPS leads to cell death via ROS/RNS accumulation in Raw264.7 cells. Indeed, several lines of evidence suggest that cellular redox status regulates LPS-induced NF-κB activation. In the current study, we also found that isorhamnetin protects against fibrogenesis in cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Here, we found that isorhamnetin inhibits HSC activation and antagonizes TGF-/Smad signaling. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest that isorhamnetin treatment may become a promising therapeutics to effectively prevent or treat liver diseases. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings suggest that Sesn2 protects acute hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. And isorhamnetin as Sesn2 Modulator may become a promising therapeutics of liver diseases.
|산화 환원 상태의 균형 변화에 의해 생성된 활성산소종 (Reactive oxygen species, ROS)은 생체 내에서 에너지 대사를 위해 산소를 이용하는 모든 생명체에서 발생하는 산소 부산물로써, 소량의 ROS는 세포 내 신호전달 물질로써 작용하여 세포 생존 및 성장, 염증 반응 등을 매개하여 생리 현상을 조절하는 기능을 한다. 하지만 다양한 외부 자극에 의한 과량의 ROS 생성은 산화적 스트레스를 유발하여 DNA, 단백질, 지질세포막을 포함한 주요 세포 내 거대분자와 반응하여 이들의 정상적 기능을 방해함에 따라 세포 사멸을 유도하여 여러 병리상태의 주요 원인으로 작용하게 된다. 이러한 ROS가 간 내에서 생성되게 되면, 초기에는 염증 신호를 자극하여 간염을 일으키게 되고, 또한 만성적이고 반복적인 간 내 염증은 간세포 괴사를 일으키고 간조직 중에 섬유질을 형성하여 간섬유화, 간경변증, 간암 등과 같은 만성적 중증 간질환으로 이행 시키게 된다.
이와 같은 이유로 본 연구에서는 간 내에서 발생되고 있는 ROS을 억제하는 단백질인 Sestrin2의 항 염증, 항 섬유화 효능을 규명하고자 하였고, 나아가 Sestrin2의 발현을 조절할 수 있는 치료제를 발굴하여 간질환 치료제로서의 가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다.
첫 번째로, 본 연구에서는 동물 및 세포 염증 모델을 활용하여 염증 및 선천성 면역반응에 있어서 Sestrin2의 역할을 규명하였다. 또한, TLR 매개성 염증 신호에 대하여 Sestrin2의 항 염증 효능을 평가하였고, 그 분자적 기전을 탐색하였다. 대조군 mice에서 Gal/LPS에 의해 증대된 ALT/AST 수치와 염증반응이 adenovirus Sestrin2 투여에 의해 반전되었다. 그리고, Sestrin2 stable expression 대식세포에서도 LPS에 증가된 iNOS 발현과 사이토카인(TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6)의 양이 억제되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 과도한 ROS/RNS로 인한 염증 반응 및 이로 인한 간염을 제어하기 위해 Sestirn2이 효율적으로 작용할 수 있음을 시사한다.
두 번째로, 본 연구에서는 만성 간질환 모델인 간 섬유화 모델에서 Sestrin2의 역할을 규명하였다. Adenovirus Sestrin2 투여 후, 간 섬유화 유도 물질인 사염화탄소 투여 또는 담즙 정체 간 손상인 담관 결찰 후에 ALT/AST 수치와 간 섬유화 지표들을 확인해 본 결과, 대조군 대비 Adenovirus Sestrin2 투여 mice군에서 유의적으로 억제되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, 간성상 세포주인 LX-2에 Sestrin2을 Sestirin2을 과발현 시킨 후 TGF- 자극을 주었을 때, 간 섬유화 지표들(a-SMA, PAI-1, Col 1A1)이 현저히 억제되었다. 이는 Sestirn2이 간성상 세포 활성화 및 간섬유화 신호 억제를 통하여 간 섬유화의 발병 및 진행에 있어 치료표적이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.
세 번째로, 본 연구에서는 Sestrin2의 발현을 조절할 수 있는 후보물질을 도출하고자 천연물 library를 활용하여 스크리닝 하였고, methylated flavonoid인 Isorhamnetin이 Sestrin2 발현을 현저히 증가시킴을 관찰하였다. 그리고 Isorhamnetin에 의한 Sestrin2의 발현이 Nrf2를 매개로 하여 증가됨을 확인하였고, Isorhamnetin이 t-BHP에 의해 발생된 ROS 및 세포사멸을 감소시키는 것을 관찰하였다. 그 다음으로, 염증과 섬유화에서 치료제로써의 Isorhamnetin의 역할을 연구하였다. 대식세포에서 LPS로 인해 증가된 염증 반응들을 Isorhamnetin이 유의성 있게 감소시킴을 확인하였고, 간성상 세포주에서 TGF-베타에 의한 간 섬유화 지표들을 현저하게 억제시키는 것을 밝혀냈었다.
결과적으로, 본 연구에서는 신규 스트레스 반응성 유전자인 Sestrin2 및 관련 신호 조절 단백질, 하위 기능 단백질을 규명하고 Sestrin2의 간세포보호, 간염 및 간섬유화 억제 효능을 규명함으로써 간질환 치료 신규 타겟으로써의 Sestrin2의 가능성을 제시하였다. 또한 Sestrin2의 발현을 조절할 수 있는 물질로 Isorhamnetin의 역할을 규명함으로 Isorhamnetin이 간질환 치료 후보약물이 될 수 있음을 제시한다.
Alternative Title
신규 간질환 치료 표적으로써의 Sestrin2 역할연구
Alternative Author(s)
Yang Ji Hye
Affiliation
조선대학교 약학대학
Department
일반대학원 약학과
Advisor
기성환
Awarded Date
2015-02
Table Of Contents
Table of Contents

Table of Contents -----------------------------------------------------------------Ⅰ

List of Figure ----------------------------------------------------------------------Ⅵ

Acronyms --------------------------------------------------------------------------Ⅷ

Abstract (Korean) ----------------------------------------------------------------Ⅹ

Ⅰ. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------1

1. Reactive oxygen species and liver diseases ------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 Reactive oxygen species ----------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2 The stage of liver diseases --------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.3 Reactive oxygen species and liver diseases ------------------------------------------------3
2. Sestrin2 as a novel antioxidant enzyme ----------------------------------------------------------4
2.1 Identification of Sestrin2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------4
2.2 Pathophysiological role of Sestrin2 ---------------------------------------------------------5
3. The anti-inflammatory role of Sestrin2 ----------------------------------------------------------6
3.1 Reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory signaling -------------------------------6
3.2 Inflammation and acute hepatitis ------------------------------------------------------------6
4. The anti-fibrotic role of Sestrin2 ------------------------------------------------------------------7
4.1 Reactive oxygen species and TGF-β/Smad signaling -------------------------------------7
4.2 TGF-β signaling and liver fibrosis -----------------------------------------------------------8
5. Identification of isorhamnetin as a Sestrin2 modulator --------------------------------------9
5.1 Current therapeutics for liver diseases ------------------------------------------------------9
5.2 Isorhamnetin ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

Ⅱ. Aims of the study -------------------------------------------------------------10

Ⅲ. Materials & Methods --------------------------------------------------------11

1. Reagents and antibodies ----------------------------------------------------------------------11
2. Preparation of isorhamnetin -----------------------------------------------------------------11
3. Cell culture --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
4. Animals -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
5. Adenovirus preparation ----------------------------------------------------------------------13
6. Gal/LPS-induced hepatitis -------------------------------------------------------------------13
7. CCl4-induced hepatitis ------------------------------------------------------------------------14
8. BDL-induced hepatitis ------------------------------------------------------------------------14
9. Blood chemistry --------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
10. Histopathology --------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
11. Establishment of a stable cell line expressing Sestrin2 --------------------------------15
12. Bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) culture and differentiation --------15
13. Primary hepatocyte isolation ---------------------------------------------------------------16
14. HSC isolation and culture ------------------------------------------------------------------16
15. Recombinant adenovirus Sestrin2 construct infection --------------------------------17
16. MTT assay -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
17. Measurement of LDH level -----------------------------------------------------------------17
18. Assay of nitrite production -----------------------------------------------------------------18
19. Immunoblot analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------------18
20. siRNA knockdown experiment ------------------------------------------------------------18
21. RNA isolation and real-time RT-PCR analysis -----------------------------------------19
22. Luciferase assay -------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
23. Assay of ROS generation --------------------------------------------------------------------21
24. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ----------------------------------------21
25. Gel shift assay ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
26. Determination of GSH content -------------------------------------------------------------22
27. Statistical analysis-----------------------------------------------------------------------------22

Ⅳ. Result ---------------------------------------------------------------------------23

Part Ⅰ: Sestrin2 protects against TLR-induced acute hepatitis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory signaling ------------------------------------------------------------------23
1. Protection of Ad-Sesn2 on Gal/LPS-induced acute hepatitis ---------------------------23
2. Inhibition of Gal/LPS-mediated inflammatory gene induction by Ad-Sesn2---------28
3. Inhibitory role of Sesn2 on NO production and iNOS expression ---------------------33
4. Inhibition of LPS-inducible inflammatory cytokines by Sesn2 ------------------------37
5. Protective role of Sesn2 on LPS-induced oxidative stress and cell death -------------40
6. Specific inhibition of LPS-inducible AP-1 activation by Sesn2 ------------------------45
7. Role of Sesn2 in JNK dependent c-Jun phosphorylation --------------------------------48
8. Role of Sesn2 in TLR ligands induced-NO production ---------------------------------51
9. Discussion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55

Part Ⅱ: Sestrin2 protects against CCl4/BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis via down-regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling ------------------------------------------------------------58
1. Induction of Sesn2 gene expression in induced HSC---------------------------------------58
2. Transcriptional regulation of Sesn2 gene expression in activated HSC -----------------61
3. Role of Smad activation on the Sesn2 up-regulation by TGF-β--------------------------64
4. Redox regulation of TGF-β-mediated Sesn2 induction -----------------------------------70
5. Inhibitory role of Sesn2 on fibrogenic gene expression -----------------------------------73
6. Inhibitory role of Sesn2 on TGF-β-mediated Smad activation ---------------------------76
7. Inhibition of BDL- or CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by Ad-Sesn2 ---------------------79
8. Inhibition of BDL- or CCl4-induced fibrogenic gene induction by Ad-Sesn2 ---------97
9. Discussion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93

Part Ⅲ: Identification of isorhamnetin as a Sestrin2 modulator and therapeutic function-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95
1. Sesn2 activation by isorhamnetin -------------------------------------------------------------95
2. Inhibition of t-BHP-induced oxidative stress by isorhamnetin --------------------------100
3. Inhibition of t-BHP-elicited cell death by isorhamnetin ---------------------------------103
4. Inhibition of LPS-induced inflammation by isorhamnetin-----------------------------106
5. Inhibition of LPS-inducible inflammatory cytokines by isorhamnetin-----------------109
6. Inhibition of TGF-β-inducible fibrosis markers by isorhamnetin-----------------------112
7. Inhibition of TGF-β-inducible Smad3 phosphorylation by isorhamnetin ------------115
8. Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------119

Ⅴ. Conclusions ------------------------------------------------------------------120

Abstract (English) --------------------------------------------------------------121

References ------------------------------------------------------------------------124

Curriculum Vitae ---------------------------------------------------------------136
Degree
Doctor
Publisher
조선대학교
Citation
양지혜. (2014). The Role of Sestrin2 as a Novel Therapeutic Target for the Liver Diseases.
Type
Dissertation
URI
https://oak.chosun.ac.kr/handle/2020.oak/12349
http://chosun.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000264589
Appears in Collections:
General Graduate School > 4. Theses(Ph.D)
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